Question 1

Which of the following best describes a primary pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A microorganism that can cause disease in a healthy host with a fully functional immune system

Question 2

Which statement correctly distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall, contain endotoxin, and stain pink/red

Question 3

A patient develops food poisoning after eating contaminated chicken. Which type of transmission is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Vehicle transmission

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an adhesion factor in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Pili that help bacteria stick to host cells

Question 5

A child is bitten by a mosquito and later develops malaria. What type of transmission is this?

Accepted Answer

Vector transmission

Question 6

Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in mucous secretions such as saliva and breastmilk?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of exotoxins?

Accepted Answer

Toxins released by living bacteria that can kill host cells and disrupt normal body functions

Question 8

A patient with a fully functional immune system is infected by a microorganism that does not normally cause disease. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The microorganism is an opportunistic pathogen

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of normal microbiota?

Accepted Answer

They live in and on the human body without causing disease in healthy individuals

Question 10

Which immunoglobulin is primarily associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 11

A bacterium produces hyaluronidase, which allows it to pass through host tissues by breaking down 'cement' between cells. This is an example of which type of virulence factor?

Accepted Answer

Invasion factor

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the immune system in relation to normal microbiota?

Accepted Answer

The immune system learns to differentiate between harmless microbes and harmful pathogens

Question 13

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates indirect contact transmission?

Accepted Answer

A person contracts norovirus after touching a contaminated doorknob

Question 14

Which of the following statements about endotoxins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endotoxins are a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria

Question 15

A laboratory technician stains a bacterial sample and observes that the cells are pink/red under the microscope. Which of the following is most likely true about these bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They are Gram-negative and contain endotoxin

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why opportunistic pathogens do not usually cause disease in healthy individuals?

Accepted Answer

They require a weakened immune system to cause disease

Question 17

A patient develops a bacterial infection after a surgical procedure. The bacteria are found to produce both pili and exotoxins. Which combination of virulence factors is being demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

Adhesion factors and toxins

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of IgG antibodies?

Accepted Answer

They are the main antibody found in blood and extracellular fluid, providing long-term immunity

Question 19

A person contracts a disease after drinking contaminated water. Which type of transmission is this?

Accepted Answer

Vehicle transmission

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?

Accepted Answer

Exotoxins are released by living bacteria, while endotoxins are a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria

Introduction to Pathogenic Microorganisms and Host Interactions

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