Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and contained within a nucleus.

Question 2

During DNA replication in prokaryotes, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the growing chain?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase III

Question 3

Which of the following best explains the difference between leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

Question 4

A scientist is using PCR to amplify a DNA sequence. Which of the following steps is NOT part of the standard PCR process?

Accepted Answer

Translation of mRNA

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of the lac operon in E. coli?

Accepted Answer

It controls the breakdown of lactose when it is present in the environment.

Question 6

A mutation occurs in the operator region of the lac operon, preventing the repressor from binding. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The lac operon will be constitutively expressed, regardless of lactose presence.

Question 7

Which process involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via a pilus?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 8

A researcher wants to insert a human gene into a bacterial plasmid. Which tool would be most appropriate for cutting both the plasmid and the human DNA at specific sequences?

Accepted Answer

Restriction enzyme

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of recombinant DNA technology for inserting a gene into a plasmid?

Accepted Answer

Transcribing the gene into mRNA before insertion

Question 10

Which of the following statements about endospore formation in bacteria is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are formed in response to harsh environmental conditions to ensure survival.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct description of plasmogamy in fungal sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Fusion of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia without nuclear fusion.

Question 12

A patient is diagnosed with malaria. Which type of microorganism is responsible for this disease?

Accepted Answer

Protozoa

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to classify bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a nucleus

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of bacterial transformation?

Accepted Answer

Uptake of naked DNA from the environment by a bacterium

Question 15

Which equation correctly represents the complementary base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

$$A = T, \ C = G$$

Question 16

During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the codon sequence?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in gene expression from DNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

Transcription $$\rightarrow$$ Translation

Question 18

A scientist is comparing the genetic code of two organisms. Which property of the genetic code allows for the same amino acid to be encoded by multiple codons?

Accepted Answer

Degeneracy

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a method used to introduce recombinant DNA into bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the three domains of life is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukarya includes fungi, plants, animals, and protists.

Lecture Exam 2 Study Guide: Microbial Genetics, Recombinant DNA, Classification, and Eukaryotic Microbes

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