Q: Which of the following best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell, according to the central dogma?

$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell, according to the central dogma?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$

Question 2

A scientist is studying a bacterial cell that has acquired resistance to an antibiotic through horizontal gene transfer. Which mechanism most likely allowed this transfer if the cell received DNA directly from another bacterium via a pilus?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 3

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?

Accepted Answer

DNA Ligase

Question 4

Which of the following statements about DNA methylation is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotes methylate adenine to distinguish self DNA from viral DNA.

Question 5

A mutation changes a single base in a gene, resulting in a different amino acid in the protein. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Cutting invading viral DNA at specific sequences

Question 7

A researcher uses PCR to amplify a DNA sequence. If she starts with $2$ copies of DNA and runs $5$ cycles, how many DNA copies will she have at the end, assuming perfect doubling each cycle?

Accepted Answer

$64$

Question 8

Which repair mechanism is specifically activated by visible light to fix UV-induced thymine dimers?

Accepted Answer

Light repair (photoreactivation)

Question 9

In eukaryotic cells, what is the role of the spliceosome during mRNA processing?

Accepted Answer

It removes introns and joins exons together.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, but the lagging strand template runs 3' to 5'.

Question 11

Which type of plasmid allows bacteria to transfer DNA to another cell via conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Fertility plasmid (F plasmid)

Question 12

A patient is exposed to gamma rays. Which of the following describes the most severe effect of gamma rays on cellular DNA?

Accepted Answer

Double-strand breaks and fragmentation of chromosomes

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE about prokaryotic DNA compared to eukaryotic DNA?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic DNA is circular and found in the cytoplasm.

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world application of recombinant DNA technology in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Producing insulin using genetically engineered bacteria

Question 15

A frameshift mutation occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A base is inserted or deleted, shifting the reading frame.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a typical function of plasmids in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Providing genes for basic cell growth and reproduction

Question 17

In the Ames test, what result would indicate that a chemical is a mutagen?

Accepted Answer

An increase in the number of resistant colonies after exposure

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the operon model in prokaryotes is correct?

Accepted Answer

An operon is a group of genes controlled together under one promoter.

Question 19

Which enzyme is used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 20

A bacterial cell is exposed to a mutagen that causes frameshift mutations. Which chemical is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Benzo[a]pyrene

Microbial Genetics and Recombinant DNA Technology: Structured Study Notes

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