Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the genomes of viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes as shown in the provided image?

Accepted Answer

Viruses can have either DNA or RNA genomes, prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome, and eukaryotes have linear chromosomes in the nucleus plus organellar DNA.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a component of a DNA nucleotide as depicted in the nucleotide structure image?

Accepted Answer

Ribose sugar

Question 3

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 4

Why is an RNA primer required for DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing 3' OH group provided by the RNA primer.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the antiparallel arrangement of DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

One DNA strand runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5', which is essential for DNA replication.

Question 6

Which of the following drugs inhibits DNA unwinding by targeting topoisomerase or helicase?

Accepted Answer

Fluoroquinolones

Question 7

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

DNA nucleotides contain deoxyribose sugar and thymine, while RNA nucleotides contain ribose sugar and uracil.

Question 8

Which process describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

Central dogma

Question 9

A mutation that results in a stop codon where there was not one before is called:

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 10

Which type of horizontal gene transfer involves the uptake of naked DNA fragments from the environment by a bacterial cell?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 11

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings amino acids to the ribosome based on its anticodon matching the mRNA codon.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as redundant?

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, providing protection against mutations.

Question 13

Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers and repairing mismatches during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase I

Question 14

A patient is prescribed an aminoglycoside antibiotic. What is the primary mechanism of action of this drug?

Accepted Answer

Binds to the 30S ribosome, causing misreading of mRNA

Question 15

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame of the mRNA is altered, leading to extensive missense or nonsense.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes specialized transduction?

Accepted Answer

A temperate phage integrates into a specific region of the host genome and may take adjacent bacterial genes when excising.

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding plasmids?

Accepted Answer

They often carry genes for antibiotic resistance and can be transferred between cells.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Prevents overwinding and relieves tension ahead of the replication fork

Question 19

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene expression is correct?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic mRNAs often contain information from several genes in a series, while eukaryotic mRNAs usually code for one protein.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the outcome of Griffith's experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae and mice?

Accepted Answer

A mixture of heat-killed encapsulated and live nonencapsulated bacteria killed the mouse, demonstrating transformation.

Microbial Genetics: Structure, Function, and Expression of Genetic Material

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