$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 2

A mutation that results in a premature stop codon is called:

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 3

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 4

In the lac operon, what happens when lactose is present?

Accepted Answer

Allolactose binds to the repressor, inactivating it and allowing transcription.

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of plasmids in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They carry genes for antibiotic resistance and can be transferred horizontally.

Question 6

Which process describes the transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another via a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 7

What is the role of cAMP in the regulation of the lac operon?

Accepted Answer

It binds to CAP, which then binds to the promoter to enhance transcription.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

An insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about horizontal gene transfer is correct?

Accepted Answer

It allows genetic material to be exchanged between cells of the same generation.

Question 10

Which of the following is a real-life application of genomics in clinical settings?

Accepted Answer

Identifying antibiotic resistance genes in a pathogen to guide treatment.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the base pairing in DNA is important?

Accepted Answer

It ensures accurate replication and transmission of genetic information.

Question 12

Which of the following is true about transcription in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Introns are removed from the RNA transcript before translation.

Question 13

A chemical mutagen that causes adenine to pair with cytosine instead of thymine is most likely:

Accepted Answer

Nitrous acid

Question 14

Which of the following is a method by which bacteria can repair UV-induced thymine dimers?

Accepted Answer

Photolyase-mediated light repair

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of transposons?

Accepted Answer

They are segments of DNA that can move from one location to another within a genome.

Question 16

Which of the following is a consequence of a missense mutation?

Accepted Answer

A different amino acid is incorporated into the protein.

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between conjugation and transformation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation requires direct cell-to-cell contact, while transformation does not.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the Ames test?

Accepted Answer

It detects mutagenic potential of chemicals by measuring reversion of mutations in bacteria.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional regulation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The use of riboswitches to alter mRNA structure and translation.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

There are three stop codons and one start codon.

Microbial Genetics: Structure, Function, and Regulation

Study Guide - Practice Questions