Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of genetics?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the semiconservative model of DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one parental and one newly synthesized strand.

Question 2

A bacterial cell is exposed to ultraviolet light, resulting in the formation of thymine dimers. Which DNA repair mechanism is most likely to be directly involved in correcting this damage?

Accepted Answer

Direct repair

Question 3

Which of the following statements about plasmids is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Plasmids are essential for the normal metabolism and growth of bacteria.

Question 4

During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 5

A point mutation changes a codon from UAU (tyrosine) to UAA. What is the result of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 6

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic chromosomes are typically circular and haploid, while eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and diploid.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of genetics?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 8

A bacterial cell acquires a resistance gene from another cell through direct contact. This process is known as:

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA transcribed from DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 10

If a frameshift mutation occurs early in a gene, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The resulting protein is likely nonfunctional due to major changes in the amino acid sequence.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of regulatory RNA?

Accepted Answer

Controlling gene expression by interacting with mRNA

Question 12

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the leading strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase III

Question 13

A mutation changes the codon GAA (glutamic acid) to GAG (also glutamic acid). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 14

Which of the following statements about operons is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Operons allow coordinated expression of related genes in prokaryotes.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why mutagens increase the mutation rate?

Accepted Answer

They cause changes in the DNA sequence, such as base substitutions or frameshifts.

Question 16

Which of the following is a possible effect of a missense mutation?

Accepted Answer

A different amino acid is incorporated, potentially altering protein function.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a step in transcription?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

Question 19

A hospital outbreak of Pseudomonas is traced to bacteria growing on soap. Which genetic mechanism most likely allowed these bacteria to survive in this unusual environment?

Accepted Answer

Inducible operon expression in response to environmental conditions

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the directionality of DNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.

Microbial Genetics: Structure, Function, and Variation of Microbial Genomes

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