Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of prokaryotic chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule found in the nucleoid

Question 2

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 3

Which base pairing occurs in DNA according to Chargaff's rules?

Accepted Answer

$$A$$ pairs with $$T$$, $$G$$ pairs with $$C$$

Question 4

A scientist exposes bacteria to UV radiation, resulting in the formation of thymine dimers. Which DNA repair mechanism is most likely to fix this damage?

Accepted Answer

Photoreactivation

Question 5

Which of the following statements about plasmids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Plasmids are small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA that replicate independently

Question 6

In Griffith's experiment, what was the outcome when heat-killed S strain and live R strain were injected into mice?

Accepted Answer

The mouse died because R strain was transformed into S strain

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the lac operon in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism

Question 8

Which process involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment by a competent cell?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 9

During transcription in prokaryotes, which of the following is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Transcription and translation are coupled, with no mRNA processing

Question 10

Which RNA type carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 11

A mutation that changes a codon from $$UAC ($$tyrosine) to $$UAA ($$stop) is best classified as which type?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding eukaryotic DNA replication compared to prokaryotic DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes have multiple origins of replication and linear chromosomes

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of regulatory RNAs in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

They control gene expression

Question 14

What is the function of the start codon $$AUG$$ during translation?

Accepted Answer

It codes for methionine and initiates protein synthesis

Question 15

Which horizontal gene transfer method involves a virus transferring bacterial DNA from one cell to another?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 16

A scientist discovers a segment of DNA that moves from one location to another and carries antibiotic resistance genes. What is this segment called?

Accepted Answer

Transposon

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between replication and transcription?

Accepted Answer

Replication requires a primer, while transcription does not

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE about F+ and Hfr cells in bacterial conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Hfr cells can transfer part of their chromosomal DNA during conjugation

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during prokaryotic transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase binds promoter $$\rightarrow$$ DNA unwinds $$\rightarrow$$ RNA nucleotides added $$5' \rightarrow 3'$$ $$\rightarrow$$ termination

Question 20

A frameshift mutation is most likely caused by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Insertion or deletion of nucleotides

Microbial Genetics: Study Guide and Structured Notes

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