Microbial Growth: Requirements, Culture, and Measurement

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chapter 6 : Microbial Growth"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Physical and Chemical Requirements for Microbial Growth"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbial growth depends on a variety of physical and chemical factors. Understanding these requirements is essential for cultivating and controlling microorganisms in laboratory and industrial settings."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Physical Requirements:"},{"type":"text","text":" Temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure are key environmental factors."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Chemical Requirements (Food and Oxygen) :"},{"type":"text","text":" Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, oxygen, and organic growth factors are necessary for cellular processes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Physical Requirements "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Temperature"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"There are three cardinal temperatures: "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Minimum growth temperature: "},{"type":"text","text":"Minimum temperate at which a microbe will grow; how low can you go?"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Optimum growth temperature: "},{"type":"text","text":"Temperature at which the microbe grows best"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"E. coli - 35*C"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"S. aureus - 25*-26*C"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Maximum growth temperature: "},{"type":"text","text":"Maximum temperature at which a microbe will grow; how high can you go? "}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microorganisms are classified based on their preferred temperature ranges:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Psychrophiles"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" Cold-loving; grow at low temperatures, often found in deep oceans and polar regions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Loves it really cold"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Slow growing"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Not medically important because it's colder than body temp"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Psychrotrophs:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" Can grow at low temperatures; optimum growth between 20–30°C; cause food spoilage in refrigerators."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Can also be considered Mesophiles because of temperature range "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"S. aureus "},{"type":"text","text":" is both a psychotroph and mesophile"}]}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Mesophiles:"},{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moderate-temperature-loving; optimum growth at 25–40°C; includes most pathogens and normal microbiota."}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Thermophiles:"},{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Heat-loving; optimum growth at 50–60°C; found in hot springs and compost piles."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Warm but not too warm"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Helps with decomposition"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":"rgb(232, 232, 232)"}},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Thermoduric: "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Optimum growth in Mesophilic range"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Can withstand higher temperatures for short periods of time"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Some are pathogenic"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hyperthermophiles:"},{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Extreme thermophiles; optimum growth above 80°C."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Heat lovers"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Grows in volcanoes or boiling water"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Not pathogenic "}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"pH"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbial growth is influenced by environmental pH:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Most bacteria grow best between pH 6.5 and 7.5."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"At a pH of ~ 7; H2O -> and 0.9% NaCl). Water leaves the cell, resulting in cell shrinkage or plasmolysis in plants."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":""}},{"type":"bold"},{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Hypotonic"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":""}},{"type":"bold"}],"text":":"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":""}}],"text":" Lower solute concentration outside the cell (e.g., 50%), "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":"rgb(246, 247, 251)"}}],"text":"such as jams and jellies, usually yeasts and molds"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"facultative - "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":"rgb(232, 232, 232)"}}],"text":"occurring optionally in response to circumstances rather than by nature."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"S. aureus "},{"type":"text","text":" is a facultative Saccriophiles "}]}]}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/ee7c1d5c_image_3.png","alt":"Plasmolysis in bacterial cells","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Requirements"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical elements are essential for microbial metabolism and structure."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Carbon: MUST HAVE , "},{"type":"text","text":" Backbone of organic molecules; chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon, autotrophs use CO2."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Heterotrophs: need premade food source"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Autotrophs: makes their own food "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Never pathogenic ex algae"}]}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Nitrogen:"},{"type":"text","text":" Component of proteins, DNA, ATP; obtained from protein decomposition, organic material, or nitrogen fixation."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Sulfur:"},{"type":"text","text":" Used in amino acids, thiamine, biotin; sourced from protein decomposition or inorganic compounds."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Can't make amino acids without this"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Phosphorus:"},{"type":"text","text":" Used in DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids; phosphate is a common source."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Trace Elements:"},{"type":"text","text":" Inorganic elements (iron, copper, molybdenum, zinc) required in small amounts as enzyme cofactors."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"must be the right temperature and pH"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Most bacteria's primary food is protein"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"we use soy beans, milk, beef and eggs "}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxygen Requirements and Toxicity"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbes are classified by their oxygen requirements, which affect their growth and survival."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Basically two types: anaerobic and aerobic "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Anaerobic - "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":"rgb(238, 240, 255)"}}],"text":"processes, organisms, or exercises that function without free oxygen"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aerobic - In some way uses Oxygen or survives in the presence of oxygen "}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Obligate aerobes:"},{"type":"text","text":" Require oxygen."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Grows extremely well with oxygen at normal atmospheres"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Must have catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) for aerobic"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Facultative anaerobes:"},{"type":"text","text":" Grow "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"with or without"},{"type":"text","text":" "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"oxygen"},{"type":"text","text":"; use "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"fermentation or anaerobic respiration"},{"type":"text","text":" when oxygen is absent."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Can live anywhere"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Switches metabolism "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Best of both worlds, grows well with oxygen "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Best growth is at the top of the culture where oxygen is most present"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Has catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Obligate anaerobes:"},{"type":"text","text":" Cannot use oxygen and are harmed by oxygen."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxygen kills them, "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CANNOT grow/ survive when exposed to oxygen "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Growth only occurs where there is no oxygen"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lacks the enzymes needed so no reaction "}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Aerotolerant anaerobes:"},{"type":"text","text":" Tolerate but do not use oxygen."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Doesn't use oxygen but doesn't die in it's presence "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Growth occurs evenly"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Has only one enzyme, SOD"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Microaerophiles:"},{"type":"text","text":" Require oxygen at lower concentrations than atmospheric levels."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Can't grow without oxygen "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"uses lower concentration than others"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Growth only occurs where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hard to culture "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"We don't have these in our lab 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oxygen"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"data:image/png;base64,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","alt":"","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Extremely reactive "}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"superoxide 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Reactive"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Has enzyme, Superoxide Dismutase, which removes superoxide from free radicals "}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"peroxide 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enzyme and "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":"#FFFFFF"}},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Peroxidase"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":"#FFFFFF"}}],"text":" enzyme made by some microbes can remove peroxide"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"hydroxyl 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reactive free radical "}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbes that tolerate oxygen produce enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase to detoxify these forms."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":"#FFFFFF"}},{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Superoxide dismutase "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"textStyle","attrs":{"color":"#FFFFFF"}}],"text":"(S O D) catalyzes the following 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anaerobes cannot destroy singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals "}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/ee7c1d5c_image_5.png","alt":"Catalase test showing bubbles from hydrogen peroxide breakdown","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Culture Media and Techniques"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Types of Culture Media"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Culture media provide nutrients for microbial growth and are classified by physical, chemical, and functional types."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Physical Types"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Solid - Deep, Slant, Petri Dish"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Liquid - Broth "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Semisolid - Soft solid, very soft, only used as a deep. Typically Jell-O or Less Agar"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Chemical Types:"},{"type":"text","text":" Chemically defined (exact composition known), complex (composition varies)."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Chemically defined (exact composition known) - Synthetic; "},{"type":"text","text":"there is no natural plant or animal product, truly man made, not used often, no natural ingredients "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Citrate "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Simmens Citrate Slants "}]}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Complex (composition varies) -"},{"type":"text","text":" "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Natural;"},{"type":"text","text":" it has some kind of plant or animal product, does not know the exact chemical makeup"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nutrient Agar"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"All Complex"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Protein based"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Typically uses beef and tryptone and meat"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Middle Quality "}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tryptic Soy "}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Complex"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Protein based"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Uses Soybeans "}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lower quality 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"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Not all exactly alike but similar "}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Colonies arise from single cells or groups of attached cells and are isolated using the streak plate method."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"A "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Colony"},{"type":"text","text":" is a population of cells arising from a "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"single "},{"type":"text","text":"cell or spore or from a group of much more alike attached cells. 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"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Allow it to cool. "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" Pick an isolated colony from the agar plate culture and spread it over the first quadrant (approximately 1/4 of the plate) using close parallel streaks. "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Flame the loop. "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Turn the plate 90° and lightly sweep the loop 1-2 times through the inoculated area, then streak into the next quadrant without overlapping the previous streaks. "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Flame the loop. "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Turn the plate 90°, overlap the previous area 1-2 times, and streak into the next quadrant as in step 4. "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" Flame the loop. "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Repeat #6, streaking the remainder of the plate. "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Invert the plate and incubate at 37°C for 24 hr. 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