Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Second Law of Thermodynamics as it relates to cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Energy conversions increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe.

Question 2

During glycolysis, glucose ($$\mathrm{C}_6) is $$converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid ($$\mathrm{C}_3). $$Which of the following is a direct product of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH

Question 3

Which process is defined as: 'energy is released as electrons are passed to oxygen through a series of cytochromes in an electron transport chain'?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 4

A competitive inhibitor affects enzyme activity by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to the active site and preventing substrate binding

Question 5

Which of the following statements about ATP generation is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP synthase uses the energy from the proton motive force to convert ADP and phosphate into ATP.

Question 6

In the electron transport chain, what is the role of NADH?

Accepted Answer

It donates electrons to the chain, initiating the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules and release energy; anabolic reactions build complex molecules and require energy.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

A high-energy phosphate from an intermediate molecule is added to ADP to form ATP.

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with a disorder that prevents the proper functioning of their mitochondrial electron transport chain. Which of the following would most likely be affected?

Accepted Answer

The production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a component of a holoenzyme?

Accepted Answer

Substrate

Question 11

During aerobic respiration in prokaryotes, how many ATP molecules are produced from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

38

Question 12

Which pathway is used to metabolize five-carbon sugars and produces one ATP and twelve NADPH molecules from one glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

Pentose Phosphate pathway

Question 13

Which of the following statements about enzyme activity is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Enzymatic activity is unaffected by changes in pH.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct definition of fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Release of energy from the breakdown of sugars to other organic end-products in the absence of O$$_2$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a coenzyme involved in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

NAD$$^+$$

Question 16

In anaerobic respiration, what typically serves as the final electron acceptor?

Accepted Answer

An inorganic molecule other than O$$_2 ($$such as S or N)

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE about the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP generation?

Accepted Answer

Protons are pumped across the membrane, generating a proton motive force.

Question 18

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of increasing temperature beyond the optimum for an enzyme?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme will undergo denaturation and lose its catalytic properties.

Question 19

A scientist is studying a metabolic pathway in which electrons are passed through a series of carriers, and the final electron acceptor is O$$_2. $$Which process is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration

Question 20

Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes that allows them to catalyze reactions efficiently?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for reactions.

Microbial Metabolism: Energy Production and Pathways

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