Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism in microbial metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism breaks down complex molecules to release energy, while anabolism builds complex molecules using energy.

Question 2

During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$2$

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \mathrm{H}^+$

Question 4

Which of the following is a key function of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

To generate a proton gradient across a membrane for ATP synthesis

Question 5

In the chemiosmotic model of ATP generation, what is the immediate source of energy used by ATP synthase to produce ATP?

Accepted Answer

The proton motive force created by a proton gradient

Question 6

Which of the following statements about fermentation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation regenerates NAD+ by transferring electrons to organic molecules.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

ATP is generated by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP.

Question 8

A bacterium is growing in the absence of oxygen and uses nitrate ($\mathrm{NO}_3^-$) as its terminal electron acceptor. Which process is this bacterium performing?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic respiration

Question 9

Which of the following is a product of the Krebs cycle per one molecule of acetyl-CoA?

Accepted Answer

$3$ NADH, $1$ FADH$_2$, $1$ ATP (or GTP), and $2$ CO$_2$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why less ATP is produced during anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic respiration uses less efficient electron acceptors than oxygen.

Question 11

Which pathway is primarily responsible for the generation of NADPH and pentoses for biosynthesis in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 12

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway compared to glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

It is found primarily in certain Gram-negative bacteria.

Question 13

In oxygenic photosynthesis, what is the source of electrons for the light-dependent reactions?

Accepted Answer

Water ($\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD+ in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

It acts as an electron carrier, accepting electrons during catabolic reactions.

Question 15

A culture of E. coli is grown in a medium containing only glucose and ammonium chloride. Which nutritional pattern does this organism exhibit?

Accepted Answer

Chemoheterotroph (using organic carbon and chemical energy)

Question 16

Which of the following statements about oxidative phosphorylation is correct?

Accepted Answer

It uses energy from a proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct summary equation for aerobic respiration of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\mathrm{O}_2 ightarrow 6\mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{energy}$

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the 'energy currency' of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP can be hydrolyzed to release energy for cellular work and can be regenerated from ADP and $P_i$.

Question 19

A patient presents with muscle fatigue and lactic acid buildup after intense exercise. Which metabolic pathway is primarily responsible for this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It fixes $\mathrm{CO}_2$ into organic molecules using ATP and NADPH.

Microbial Metabolism: Foundations and Pathways

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