Question 1

Which of the following best describes an amphibolic pathway, and which process is a classic example?

Accepted Answer

A pathway that functions in both catabolism and anabolism; example: Krebs cycle

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a disease that is constantly present in a specific geographic region. Which term best describes this disease?

Accepted Answer

Endemic

Question 3

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP is recharged by the reaction $$\mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i} + 	ext{energy} ightarrow \mathrm{ATP}$$

Question 4

During which step of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced, and what is the main input required for this step?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain; input: NADH and FADH$$_2$$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are considered biological catalysts?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy and speed up reactions without being used up

Question 6

A new bacterial strain is found to have a very low ID$$_{50}. $$What does this indicate about its infectivity?

Accepted Answer

It has high infectivity

Question 7

Which of the following is a key difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?

Accepted Answer

Exotoxins are highly toxic and can be made into toxoid vaccines; endotoxins cannot

Question 8

A hospital is choosing a disinfectant to eliminate endospores from surgical instruments. Which method is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Autoclaving or ethylene oxide

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in anabolic and catabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic reactions generate ATP, which is then used by anabolic reactions

Question 10

A patient is infected with a Gram-negative bacterium that releases toxins only when the cell dies. Which toxin is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Endotoxin (Lipid A of LPS)

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism pathogens use to avoid immune detection?

Accepted Answer

Siderophore production

Question 12

A researcher is studying a chemical that cross-links proteins and DNA, making it effective against most microbes. Which class of germicide is this chemical most likely from?

Accepted Answer

Aldehydes

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of lactic acid fermentation?

Accepted Answer

It regenerates NAD$$^+ to $$allow glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence of the five steps of infection?

Accepted Answer

Portal of entry → Adhesion → Invasion → Infection/Disease → Portal of exit

Question 15

A disinfectant is classified as intermediate-level. Which of the following is it most likely to kill?

Accepted Answer

Most bacteria, most fungi, most viruses, and mycobacteria, but not endospores

Question 16

Which of the following best explains how enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions according to collision theory?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy, increasing the proportion of successful collisions

Question 17

A patient is infected with a pathogen that survives inside phagocytes and prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion. Which immune evasion strategy is being used?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular survival and inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of a reemerging disease?

Accepted Answer

Tuberculosis cases increasing after years of decline

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the structure of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

Question 20

A laboratory is testing the effectiveness of a new germicide. Which factor is LEAST important to consider when selecting an appropriate germicide?

Accepted Answer

Color of the disinfectant

Microbial Metabolism, Infectious Disease, and Control of Microorganisms: Study Guide

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