Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between immunization and immunotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Immunization is the process of stimulating an immune response to prevent disease, while immunotherapy is the use of immune components to treat existing diseases.

Question 2

A newborn receives antibodies from breast milk. Which type of immunity does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Natural passive immunity

Question 3

Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in blood and provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against pathogens?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 4

A vaccine is administered to a population, and as a result, even unvaccinated individuals experience reduced risk of infection. This phenomenon is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Herd immunity

Question 5

Which of the following is a major advantage of attenuated (live) vaccines compared to inactivated (dead) vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They usually induce a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a type of inactivated vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Live-attenuated vaccine

Question 7

A patient receives an injection of antiserum after exposure to rabies. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Artificial passive immunity

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why some individuals choose not to vaccinate themselves or their children?

Accepted Answer

Concerns about vaccine safety and potential side effects

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the use of antibodies in immunoassays?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies are used to specifically detect the presence of antigens in a sample.

Question 10

A patient is tested for HIV. Initially, no antibodies are detected, but after several weeks, antibodies are present. This process is called:

Accepted Answer

Seroconversion

Question 11

Which of the following statements about monoclonal antibodies is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are produced by a single clone of B cells and are specific to one epitope.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes a direct immunoassay?

Accepted Answer

An assay in which a labeled antibody binds directly to the antigen being tested.

Question 13

Which test uses a fluorescently labeled antibody to detect the presence of a specific antigen in a sample?

Accepted Answer

FA (Fluorescent Antibody) test

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the principle of an ELISA test?

Accepted Answer

It uses enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample, producing a color change.

Question 15

A Western Blot is primarily used to:

Accepted Answer

Detect specific proteins in a sample after separation by electrophoresis.

Question 16

Which of the following is a key advantage of polyclonal antibodies over monoclonal antibodies?

Accepted Answer

They recognize multiple epitopes on an antigen, increasing sensitivity.

Question 17

Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in mucosal secretions and provides protection at mucosal surfaces?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 18

A precipitation reaction in immunology is best described as:

Accepted Answer

The formation of an insoluble complex when antibodies bind to soluble antigens.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of FACS (Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting)?

Accepted Answer

It separates and analyzes cells based on their fluorescence and light scattering properties.

Question 20

A person contracts measles and recovers, developing long-term immunity. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Natural active immunity

Microbiology: Applications of the Immune Response – Guided Study Notes

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