Microbiology Exam 1 Study Guide: History, Cell Structure, Microscopy, and Bacterial Growth

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"History of Microbiology"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pioneers and Their Contributions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The field of microbiology has been shaped by the discoveries and innovations of several key scientists. Understanding their contributions is essential for appreciating the development of the discipline."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Anton van Leeuwenhoek:"},{"type":"text","text":" First to observe and describe microorganisms using a simple microscope."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Louis Pasteur:"},{"type":"text","text":" Disproved spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization, and contributed to the germ theory of disease."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Joseph Lister:"},{"type":"text","text":" Introduced antiseptic techniques in surgery, reducing infections."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ignaz Semmelweis:"},{"type":"text","text":" Advocated handwashing to prevent puerperal fever in hospitals."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Robert Koch:"},{"type":"text","text":" Established Koch’s postulates, linking specific microbes to specific diseases."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Edward Jenner:"},{"type":"text","text":" Developed the first successful smallpox vaccine."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Paul Ehrlich:"},{"type":"text","text":" Pioneered chemotherapy and discovered the first effective treatment for syphilis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Alexander Fleming:"},{"type":"text","text":" Discovered penicillin, the first true antibiotic."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"J. Craig Venter:"},{"type":"text","text":" Sequenced many microbial genomes, advancing genomics."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Carl Woese"},{"type":"text","text":": Reshaped the understanding of biology by discovering the domain. The Archaea. These Archaea live in extreme environment and are genetically distinct from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. "}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"J. Craig Venter: "},{"type":"text","text":"Lead the private effort to sequence the first genome. He then wanted to decode the human DNA. "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" "}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Koch’s Postulates and Germ Theory"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Koch’s Postulates:"},{"type":"text","text":" Criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Relation to Germ Theory:"},{"type":"text","text":" Provided experimental evidence that specific microbes cause specific diseases."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Disproving Spontaneous Generation"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Crucial Experiment:"},{"type":"text","text":" Louis Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment showed that microorganisms do not arise spontaneously but from other microbes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Basic Chemistry for Microbiology"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Bonds and Properties"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemistry underpins the structure and function of microorganisms. Understanding bonds and molecular properties is foundational."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Bond Strength Ranking:"},{"type":"text","text":" Covalent > Ionic > Hydrogen bonds."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ionic Bond:"},{"type":"text","text":" Formed by transfer of electrons between atoms (e.g., NaCl)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Covalent Bond:"},{"type":"text","text":" Formed by sharing electrons between atoms (e.g., H2O)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Valence Electrons:"},{"type":"text","text":" Only outermost electrons participate in bonding."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Polar Molecule:"},{"type":"text","text":" Molecule with uneven charge distribution (e.g., water)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Examples:"},{"type":"text","text":" Polar: H2O; Non-polar: O2, CH4."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"\"Like Dissolves Like\":"},{"type":"text","text":" Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes; non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Soap:"},{"type":"text","text":" Amphipathic molecules bridge polar and non-polar substances, aiding solubility."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Isotopes and pH"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Isotopes:"},{"type":"text","text":" Atoms with same number of protons but different neutrons; used as tracers."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Neutrons:"},{"type":"text","text":" P-32: 17, S-35: 19, C-14: 8."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Mole:"},{"type":"text","text":" "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"6.022 \\times 10^{23}"}},{"type":"text","text":" atoms; 1 mole of carbon weighs 12g."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"pH Scale:"},{"type":"text","text":" Acidic: