Q: Which of the following equations best represents the codominance observed in the ABO blood group system?

$$\text{Genotype: IAIB} \rightarrow \text{Phenotype: Type AB (both A and B antigens expressed)}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction and bronchodilation, counteracting hypotension and airway swelling.

Question 2

A patient with myasthenia gravis is experiencing muscle weakness. Which of the following best explains the underlying immunological mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies are produced against acetylcholine receptors, blocking neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Direct destruction of pathogens via phagocytosis

Question 4

A patient receives a blood transfusion with an incompatible blood type. Which of the following symptoms is LEAST likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the adaptive immune system is correct?

Accepted Answer

It targets specific pathogens and retains memory of previous exposures.

Question 6

Clostridium difficile is a common cause of colitis. Which of the following best describes its characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Rod-shaped, gram-negative, obligate anaerobe

Question 7

Which of the following equations best represents the codominance observed in the ABO blood group system?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Genotype: IAIB} ightarrow 	ext{Phenotype: Type AB (both A and B antigens expressed)}$$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why the flu vaccine must be administered annually?

Accepted Answer

The influenza virus undergoes antigenic drift and shift, resulting in new strains that evade immune memory.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a nosocomial disease?

Accepted Answer

A patient develops a urinary tract infection after being admitted to the hospital for surgery.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the microbiome in the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

The microbiome competes with pathogens for colonization sites and produces antimicrobial peptides.

Question 11

Which of the following is a virulence factor that permits pathogens to cause disease?

Accepted Answer

Adhesins that allow attachment to host cells

Question 12

A patient with untreated diabetes develops oral thrush. Which of the following best explains why Candida albicans is able to cause disease in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

High sugar content in saliva promotes overgrowth of Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogen.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of diapedesis during an innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytes squeeze through endothelial cells of capillary vessels to reach infected tissue.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about interferons?

Accepted Answer

Interferons are produced by virus-infected cells and cause nearby cells to reduce transcription and translation.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between mechanical and biological vectors?

Accepted Answer

Biological vectors participate in a pathogen’s life cycle, while mechanical vectors only transport the pathogen without being infected.

Question 16

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between virulence factors and disease causation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Disease} = 	ext{Pathogen} + 	ext{Virulence Factors}$$

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Candida albicans causing oral thrush in an immunocompromised patient

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of RhoGAM in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Accepted Answer

RhoGAM neutralizes Rh antigens in the mother’s blood, preventing antibody formation against Rh+ fetal cells.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains how skin acts as both a barrier and a portal of entry for pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Keratin makes skin tough and resistant, but breaks in the skin allow pathogens to enter and spread.

Microbiology Exam 3 Review – Guided Study Notes

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