Question 1

Which of the following best explains how you could determine whether an unknown respiratory chain was from a bacterium or from a eukaryotic mitochondrion?

Accepted Answer

By testing whether a different magnitude of proton motive force (PMF) can be produced under different conditions.

Question 2

Which of the following reactions is carried out by methanogenic Archaea?

Accepted Answer

CO$_2$ is reduced to CH$_4$ using electrons from H$_2$.

Question 3

A mouthwash called 'Hexadent' lists the following ingredients: arcools, 0.2% chlorhexidine, menthol. How does the mouthwash act?

Accepted Answer

It damages bacterial membranes.

Question 4

The mitochondrial DCCD binds to the proton binding site of the F$_0$ ATP synthase. What is the result?

Accepted Answer

The ATP synthase cannot rotate and cannot produce ATP.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a part of the updated (modern) Central Dogma of Biology?

Accepted Answer

Protein makes DNA

Question 6

During a reaction in the electron transport chain, an electron acceptor:

Accepted Answer

must have a higher affinity for electrons than the electron donor

Question 7

A compound has a very low surface energy. What can be said about its surface properties?

Accepted Answer

It will be highly hydrophobic and resist wetting.

Question 8

The following segment of double-stranded DNA is transcribed using the sigma factor $oldsymbol{	ext{70}}$, which recognizes a consensus 'TTGACA' at -35 and 'TATAAT' at -10. Which strand is the template, and in which direction is read?

Accepted Answer

The bottom strand is the template, read to the right.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why both lactic acid and fermentation reactions are used in the production of yogurt from bacterial cultures?

Accepted Answer

Lactococcus and Streptococcus use fermentation to regenerate NAD$^+$.

Question 10

There are 61 coding codons, but only 45 tRNAs. How can 45 tRNA recognize 61 codons?

Accepted Answer

The third base in the codon can 'wobble' and pair with multiple tRNAs.

Question 11

Which of the following medical instruments is NOT matched properly with an antimicrobial method that could be used to clean it?

Accepted Answer

Catheter tubing - Quaternary ammonium salt (QUAT)

Question 12

The enzyme DNA polymerase:

Accepted Answer

Adds a new nucleotide to the 3' end of an existing nucleotide.

Question 13

Which of the following is used to assist the translocation reaction during protein translation?

Accepted Answer

It moves a ribosome to the next codon in the mRNA.

Question 14

Which of the following sequences is considered a palindrome?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{GAATTC}$

Question 15

Why must the lagging strand at a replication fork be replicated in short fragments?

Accepted Answer

The lagging strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction away from the fork.

Question 16

What is the correct order for the three steps in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), starting with a double stranded DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Denature the DNA, anneal primers, extend the DNA.

Question 17

A chronic virus:

Accepted Answer

Replicates slowly without causing symptoms for a long time.

Question 18

How do some algae cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans?

Accepted Answer

They produce neurotoxins that accumulate in shellfish and are consumed by humans.

Question 19

Which of the following is prescribed to treat anaerobic bacterial infections and infections caused by flagellated protozoa such as Giardia?

Accepted Answer

Metronidazole

Question 20

Which of the following does NOT describe a role the complement system plays in your body's response to an infection?

Accepted Answer

Complement proteins enhance capillary growth to promote wound healing.

Microbiology Exam II Study Guide: Key Concepts and Applications

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