Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the net ATP yield from glycolysis via substrate-level phosphorylation?

$2 \times \text{ADP} + 2 \times \text{P}_i \rightarrow 2 \times \text{ATP}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of a positive control in a microbiology experiment?

Accepted Answer

It is a sample that should produce an expected result, confirming the experiment is working as intended.

Question 2

A researcher is testing the effect of a new antibiotic on bacterial growth. She uses the same nutrient broth for all samples, but only adds the antibiotic to some tubes. What is the manipulated (independent) variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The presence or absence of the antibiotic

Question 3

During which phase of the bacterial growth curve does the number of viable cells remain constant because the rate of cell division equals the rate of cell death?

Accepted Answer

Stationary phase

Question 4

A microbiologist wants to determine the number of viable bacteria in a sample. Which method should she use?

Accepted Answer

Viable count (spread plate or pour plate)

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why selective media are used in microbiology?

Accepted Answer

To suppress unwanted microbes and allow target growth

Question 6

A student streaks a mixed bacterial sample onto an agar plate and incubates it. The next day, she observes isolated colonies. What microbiological technique did she use?

Accepted Answer

Streak plate method

Question 7

Which of the following statements about Gram-negative bacteria is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and stain pink.

Question 8

Which structure allows bacteria to survive harsh conditions such as heat, drying, and chemicals?

Accepted Answer

Endospore

Question 9

A bacterial cell stores energy in the form of glycogen. Which type of structure is this?

Accepted Answer

Storage granule

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of binary fission in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A cell elongates, FtsZ ring forms, septum develops, and two daughter cells are produced.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net ATP yield from glycolysis via substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

$2 	imes 	ext{ADP} + 2 	imes 	ext{P}_i ightarrow 2 	imes 	ext{ATP}$

Question 12

In the electron transport chain (ETC) of bacteria, what is the main function of the proton motive force (PMF)?

Accepted Answer

To drive ATP synthesis, transport, and flagellar rotation

Question 13

A bacterium is growing in the absence of oxygen and uses nitrate ($	ext{NO}_3^-$) as its terminal electron acceptor. Which type of respiration is this?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic respiration

Question 14

Which of the following statements about fermentation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation produces ATP only by substrate-level phosphorylation.

Question 15

A scientist blocks a component of the bacterial electron transport chain (ETC). What is the most likely effect on the cell?

Accepted Answer

Reduced proton motive force (PMF), less ATP, and slower cell growth

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why Gram-positive bacteria stain purple in the Gram stain procedure?

Accepted Answer

They have a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains the crystal violet-iodine complex.

Question 17

Which of the following is a micronutrient (trace element) required by bacteria for enzyme cofactors?

Accepted Answer

Iron (Fe)

Question 18

A researcher wants to distinguish between two bacterial species based on their ability to ferment lactose. Which type of media should she use?

Accepted Answer

Differential media

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between redox potential and ATP yield in bacterial metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A larger redox potential difference results in more ATP produced.

Question 20

A bacterial culture is grown in a medium with minimal nutrients and no yeast extract. Which type of media is this?

Accepted Answer

Rich vs minimal media (minimal)

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