Question 1

A patient is bitten by a mosquito and later develops malaria. Which type of disease transmission is illustrated in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Vector transmission

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the function of siderophores in bacterial pathogenicity?

Accepted Answer

They capture iron from the host to support bacterial growth.

Question 3

A laboratory test measures the concentration of antibodies in a patient's serum. What is this measurement called?

Accepted Answer

Antibody titer

Question 4

Which of the following statements about MHC molecules is correct?

Accepted Answer

MHC I is found on all nucleated cells and presents endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

Question 5

A child receives a vaccine and develops long-lasting immunity. Which type of adaptive immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics can sometimes worsen symptoms in patients with Gram-negative bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics lyse bacteria, releasing endotoxins that trigger systemic inflammation.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of IgE antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites

Question 8

A patient with HIV has a low count of CD4+ T cells. Which immune function is most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Coordination and activation of B cells and other T cells

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of clonal deletion?

Accepted Answer

Elimination of lymphocytes that strongly recognize self-antigens to prevent autoimmunity

Question 10

A patient develops a fever after receiving an injection of bacterial endotoxin. Which component of the immune response is responsible for this pyrogenic response?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the hypothalamus by pyrogens

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a T-independent antigen?

Accepted Answer

A polysaccharide antigen that can activate B cells without T cell help

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between food infection and food intoxication?

Accepted Answer

Food infection results from ingestion of microbes that grow in the host, while food intoxication results from ingestion of preformed toxins.

Question 13

A patient is diagnosed with a disease that is constantly present in a population at a relatively stable rate. What is the epidemiological term for this type of disease?

Accepted Answer

Endemic

Question 14

Which of the following best explains how lysogenic bacteriophages can increase bacterial virulence?

Accepted Answer

By transferring toxin genes to bacteria through lysogenic conversion

Question 15

A patient is exposed to a pathogen but does not develop disease due to the presence of memory B and T cells. Which immunological concept explains this rapid and effective response?

Accepted Answer

Immunological memory

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of exotoxins?

Accepted Answer

They are proteins secreted by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Question 17

A patient with a compromised immune system develops an infection from a normally harmless microbe. What is the term for this type of pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Opportunistic pathogen

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of regulatory T cells?

Accepted Answer

They suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmunity.

Question 19

A hospital patient develops a urinary tract infection after catheterization. What is the most likely classification of this infection?

Accepted Answer

Nosocomial infection

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Accepted Answer

Incidence is the number of new cases; prevalence is the total number of cases.

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