Question 1

Which of the following groups of microorganisms is correctly matched with its cellular organization and pathogenicity?

Accepted Answer

Helminths: Eukaryotic; multicellular; parasitic

Question 2

Which statement best describes prions?

Accepted Answer

Prions are nonliving, infectious proteins that can be inherited or transmitted by ingestion or transplant.

Question 3

Louis Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment disproved spontaneous generation by showing that:

Accepted Answer

Microbes did not appear in broth unless exposed to air containing dust particles.

Question 4

Which of Koch’s postulates requires that the same disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the microorganism is inoculated into a susceptible host?

Accepted Answer

The same disease must result when the microorganism is introduced into a healthy host.

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct order of the taxonomic hierarchy from broadest to most specific?

Accepted Answer

Domain—Phylum—Class—Order—Family—Genus—Species

Question 6

A scientist is studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species to determine if it is the cause of a disease. Which scientific step is this?

Accepted Answer

Collecting data

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation; a prediction is a specific measurable outcome expected if the hypothesis is true.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about Gram staining is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Gram staining differentiates bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on cell wall structure.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

Bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule ($\mathrm{H_2O}$)

Question 10

Which of the following is considered an organic molecule?

Accepted Answer

Methane ($\mathrm{CH_4}$)

Question 11

What is the atomic number of an element, and how is it determined?

Accepted Answer

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Buffers maintain pH by releasing or binding $\mathrm{H^+}$ ions.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of ATP in cells?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular processes.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes an amphipathic molecule?

Accepted Answer

A molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

Question 16

A patient is infected with a Gram-negative bacterium. Which antibiotic class is likely to be less effective due to the outer membrane barrier?

Accepted Answer

Penicillins

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world example of mutualism?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria in the human gut producing vitamins for the host

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the pH scale is correct?

Accepted Answer

A solution with pH 7 is neutral, and each unit change represents a tenfold change in acidity or basicity.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why sickle cell trait is more prevalent in populations exposed to malaria?

Accepted Answer

Sickle cell trait provides resistance to malaria, increasing survival in affected regions.

Microbiology Fundamentals and Biochemistry Basics: Structured Study Notes

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