Question 1

Which functional group is responsible for the chemical properties of alcohols, and what is its structure?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group; $$\mathrm{OH}$$

Question 2

A prokaryotic cell is exposed to a mutagen that causes random changes in its DNA. Which term best describes this event?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 3

Which macromolecule is composed of repeating $$(\mathrm{CH_2O})$$ units and serves as a primary energy source for cells?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

Question 4

During glycolysis, glucose $$(\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$}) is $$converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid $$(\mathrm{C_3H_4O_3}). $$Where does this process occur in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasm

Question 5

Which bond type joins monomers in proteins, and what is the chemical reaction that forms this bond?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond; dehydration synthesis

Question 6

A bacterial cell is found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics. Which genetic element is most likely responsible for this trait?

Accepted Answer

R factor plasmid

Question 7

Which process describes the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP, and what is the equation for this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation; $$\mathrm{ADP + P_i \rightarrow ATP}$$

Question 8

Which step of protein synthesis occurs in the nucleoid of prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 9

A cell membrane contains phospholipids. Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic and which is hydrophobic?

Accepted Answer

Heads are hydrophilic; tails are hydrophobic

Question 10

Which nitrogenous bases are purines, and what is their distinguishing structural feature?

Accepted Answer

Adenine and guanine; double-ring structure

Question 11

Which process is described as the partial oxidation of sugars using an organic molecule as the electron acceptor, and does not involve the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 12

What is the energy yield (number of ATP molecules) from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose to $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ and $$\mathrm{H_2O} in $$prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

38

Question 13

Which enzyme group is responsible for breaking down proteins, and what is the general reaction they catalyze?

Accepted Answer

Protease; $$\mathrm{Protein \rightarrow Amino	ext{ }acids}$$

Question 14

Which type of horizontal gene transfer involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment by a bacterial cell?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 15

In the central dogma of biology, which sequence correctly represents the flow of genetic information?

Accepted Answer

DNA $$\rightarrow$$ RNA $$\rightarrow$$ Protein

Question 16

Which molecule acts as an RNA enzyme, catalyzing reactions in cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribozyme

Question 17

A prokaryotic cell is capable of forming a pilus for conjugation. Which genetic factor must it possess?

Accepted Answer

F factor

Question 18

Which step of transcription involves RNA polymerase recognizing a promoter and separating DNA strands?

Accepted Answer

Initiation

Question 19

Which macromolecule contains -NH$$_2$$ groups and is responsible for structural and regulatory functions in cells?

Accepted Answer

Proteins

Question 20

Which process establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, essential for ATP synthesis in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Chemiosmosis

Microbiology Macromolecules, Genetics, and Metabolism Study Guide

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