Q: Which equation correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP to release energy for cellular processes?

$\mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i} + \text{energy}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process by which peptide bonds are formed during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bonds are formed by dehydration synthesis, joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a bacterium with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, no outer membrane, and teichoic acids. Which Gram stain result and antibiotic susceptibility would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Purple/blue stain; high susceptibility to penicillin

Question 3

Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

RNA is usually single-stranded and contains ribose as its sugar.

Question 4

A patient is infected with Treponema pallidum, a spirochete. Which structure is responsible for its corkscrew motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments

Question 5

Which historical microbiologist is credited with disproving spontaneous generation and demonstrating that microbes cause fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Louis Pasteur

Question 6

During glycolysis, what is the net ATP yield per molecule of glucose, and by which mechanism is ATP generated?

Accepted Answer

2 ATP, generated by substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP to release energy for cellular processes?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{ATP} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i} + 	ext{energy}$

Question 8

A bacterial culture is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will experience plasmolysis as water leaves the cytoplasm.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition?

Accepted Answer

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site and can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the allosteric site and cannot be overcome by more substrate.

Question 10

Which of the following equations represents the exponential growth of bacteria during the log phase, where $n$ is the number of generations?

Accepted Answer

$N = 2^n$

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct method for measuring bacterial cell growth?

Accepted Answer

Plate count using colony-forming units (CFUs)

Question 12

Which enzyme is produced by aerobic bacteria to detoxify hydrogen peroxide, and what is the reaction it catalyzes?

Accepted Answer

Catalase; $2\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + \mathrm{O}_2$

Question 13

Which nutritional pattern describes an organism that uses light as its energy source and organic compounds as its carbon source?

Accepted Answer

Photoheterotroph

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Contains membrane-bound organelles for protein modification

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP acts as an energy intermediate, storing energy from catabolism and releasing it for anabolism.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Direct transfer of phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP during glycolysis

Question 17

Which of the following statements about bacterial cell division is correct?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission results in genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 18

Which of the following media would be most appropriate for isolating Gram-negative bacteria from a mixed sample?

Accepted Answer

Selective media

Question 19

A bacterium is classified as a facultative anaerobe. Which statement best describes its oxygen requirements?

Accepted Answer

It uses oxygen if available but can grow by fermentation when oxygen is absent.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport

Microbiology Study Guide: Cell Structure, Metabolism, Growth, and Microbial Diversity

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