Question 1

Which statement best describes the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells evolved when a prokaryotic cell engulfed another prokaryote, which then lived symbiotically and became organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 2

What is a dimorphic fungus?

Accepted Answer

A fungus that can exist as both a yeast and a mold depending on environmental conditions.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between macroscopic and microscopic fungi?

Accepted Answer

Macroscopic fungi are visible to the naked eye, such as mushrooms, while microscopic fungi require a microscope to be seen, such as molds and yeasts.

Question 4

What does the term 'heterotrophic' mean in the context of fungi?

Accepted Answer

Fungi obtain their nutrients by consuming organic matter from other organisms.

Question 5

What is the technical term for fungal infections?

Accepted Answer

Mycosis

Question 6

How do hyphae differ from pseudohyphae?

Accepted Answer

Hyphae are true filamentous structures found in molds, while pseudohyphae are chains of elongated yeast cells that remain attached after budding.

Question 7

Which of the following is a benefit provided by fungi in the environment?

Accepted Answer

Fungi decompose organic matter, recycling nutrients in ecosystems.

Question 8

Protozoa are divided into two main groups based on their life cycle forms. What are these groups and how do they differ?

Accepted Answer

Trophozoite and cyst; trophozoite is the active, feeding stage, while cyst is the dormant, resistant stage.

Question 9

How are protozoa typically identified in clinical specimens?

Accepted Answer

By observing their motility, shape, and staining characteristics under a microscope.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about viruses is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require a host cell to replicate.

Question 11

Which component is found in all viruses?

Accepted Answer

Capsid

Question 12

What is the function of hemagglutinin (HA) in the influenza virus?

Accepted Answer

It binds to host cell receptors and triggers endocytosis.

Question 13

Which process is responsible for the major antigenic changes in influenza A viruses that can lead to pandemics?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic shift

Question 14

A patient presents with flu-like symptoms and is later diagnosed with rabies. Which of the following best explains the pathogenesis of rabies?

Accepted Answer

The virus travels from the bite site through the nervous system to the brain, where it replicates and disseminates to the salivary glands.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the lytic cycle in bacteriophage replication?

Accepted Answer

The phage injects its DNA, replicates, assembles new phages, and lyses the host cell to release progeny.

Question 16

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of viral titer using the plaque assay method?

Accepted Answer

$$Titer = \frac{Number\;of\;plaques}{Dilution\;factor 	imes Volume\;plated}$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a persistent viral infection that can periodically reactivate?

Accepted Answer

Herpes simplex virus

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a typical method for cultivating animal viruses in the laboratory?

Accepted Answer

Growing viruses in nutrient agar plates.

Question 19

Prions differ from viruses in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

Prions are misfolded proteins with no nucleic acid, while viruses contain nucleic acid and a protein coat.

Microbiology Study Notes: Eukaryotic Microbes and Viruses

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