Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of cell differentiation in tissue renewal and repair?

Accepted Answer

It is the process by which new cells acquire the structure and function of the cells they replace.

Question 2

A patient presents with a tumor that is slow-growing, well-differentiated, and does not invade surrounding tissues. Which type of neoplasm is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Benign neoplasm

Question 3

Which term is used to describe the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue, often associated with aggressive tumors?

Accepted Answer

Anaplasia

Question 4

A tumor is classified as T2N1M0 in the TNM staging system. What does the 'N1' indicate?

Accepted Answer

Increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes

Question 5

Which of the following is a malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Adenocarcinoma

Question 6

What is the primary difference between cell cycle-specific and cell cycle-nonspecific chemotherapy drugs?

Accepted Answer

Cell cycle-specific drugs exert their action during a specific phase of the cell cycle, while nonspecific drugs act throughout all phases.

Question 7

Which gene type, when mutated or overexpressed, can become an oncogene and contribute to cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Protooncogene

Question 8

A patient with cancer is experiencing profound weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness despite adequate food intake. What syndrome is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Cancer cachexia

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a method by which cancer spreads?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis of cancer cells

Question 10

A tumor is described as Grade IV. What does this indicate about the tumor cells?

Accepted Answer

They are poorly differentiated and demonstrate aggressive behavior.

Question 11

Which of the following is a common late effect of alkylating agents used in chemotherapy for childhood cancer survivors?

Accepted Answer

Dose-related gonadal injury (hypogonadism, infertility, early menopause)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'growth fraction' in tumor biology?

Accepted Answer

The ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass

Question 13

Which of the following is a goal of palliative cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

To improve quality of life by managing symptoms and side effects

Question 14

A child is diagnosed with Wilms tumor. Which organ is primarily affected?

Accepted Answer

Kidney

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant neoplasms but NOT benign neoplasms?

Accepted Answer

Rapid growth and potential to invade surrounding tissues

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of an oncogenic virus associated with cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 17

A patient’s tumor is classified as TisN0M0. What does 'Tis' indicate in the TNM system?

Accepted Answer

Carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells found only in location 1° formed, no spread)

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why radiation therapy can damage normal tissues?

Accepted Answer

Normal tissues that are rapidly proliferative are affected similarly to malignant cells.

Question 19

Which of the following is a mechanism by which biotherapy exerts its effects in cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Modifying host immune responses or tumor cell biology

Question 20

A patient with a malignant tumor is found to have hypercalcemia due to substances released by the tumor. This is an example of which clinical manifestation?

Accepted Answer

Paraneoplastic syndrome

patho 6

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