Normal Flora, Symbiosis, and Infectious Disease: Microbiome and Epidemiology

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Normal Flora and Symbiosis"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Introduction to Microbiota"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The human body is a complex ecosystem, hosting a vast community of microorganisms known as the "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"microbiota"},{"type":"text","text":". These microbes colonize various surfaces and tissues, playing essential roles in health and disease. The term "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"microbiome"},{"type":"text","text":" refers to the collective genomes of these microorganisms."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Human cells vs. bacterial cells:"},{"type":"text","text":" Approximately 44% of cells in the human body are human, while 56% are bacterial (Nature News, 2016)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Microbiota:"},{"type":"text","text":" Includes bacteria, fungi, and other microbes that inhabit the body without causing disease under normal circumstances."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_1.png","alt":"Human cheek cell with resident bacteria","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"text","text":" "},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_2.png","alt":"Distribution of cell number and mass for human and bacterial cells","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sites of Normal Microbiota Colonization"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbiota colonize specific sites on the human body, each with characteristic microbial populations."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Skin:"},{"type":"text","text":" Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Propionibacterium, Candida"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Oral cavity:"},{"type":"text","text":" Streptococcus, Treponema, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus, Fusobacterium"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Upper respiratory tract:"},{"type":"text","text":" Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Candida"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Urinary tract:"},{"type":"text","text":" Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacteroides"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Intestines:"},{"type":"text","text":" Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Escherichia, Clostridium"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Female reproductive tract:"},{"type":"text","text":" Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Gardnerella, Candida"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_3.png","alt":"Human body sites colonized by normal microbiota","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Types of Symbiotic Relationships"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Symbiosis describes the interaction between two different organisms living together. There are four main types:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Mutualism:"},{"type":"text","text":" Both organisms benefit (e.g., bacteria in human colon)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Commensalism:"},{"type":"text","text":" One benefits, the other is unaffected (e.g., mites in hair follicles)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Amensalism:"},{"type":"text","text":" One is harmed, the other is unaffected (e.g., fungus secreting antibiotics inhibiting bacteria)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Parasitism:"},{"type":"text","text":" One benefits at the expense of the other (e.g., "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis"},{"type":"text","text":" in human lung)."}]}]}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Type"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organism 1"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organism 2"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Example"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mutualism"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Benefits"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Benefits"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bacteria in human colon"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Commensalism"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Benefits"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Neither benefits nor is harmed"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mites in human hair follicles"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amensalism"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Is harmed"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Neither benefits nor is harmed"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fungus secreting antibiotic, inhibiting bacteria"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Parasitism"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Benefits"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Is harmed"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tuberculosis bacteria in human lung"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_4.png","alt":"Table of symbiotic relationships","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbiome in Soil and Plants"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rhizosphere and Root Microbiome"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil influenced by root secretions and associated microbial activity. It is crucial for nitrogen cycling and plant health."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Rhizobium:"},{"type":"text","text":" Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form symbiotic nodules on plant roots."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Root exudates:"},{"type":"text","text":" Organic compounds released by plants that attract and nourish beneficial microbes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Soil environment:"},{"type":"text","text":" Includes bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, and root microbiome, each with distinct microbial communities."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_5.png","alt":"Diagram of rhizosphere and root microbiome","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"text","text":" "},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_6.png","alt":"Roots with nodules","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"text","text":" "},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_7.png","alt":"Close-up of root nodules","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Human Microbiome: Resident and Transient Microbiota"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Resident vs. Transient Microbiota"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbiota are classified as resident or transient based on their persistence in the body."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Resident microbiota:"},{"type":"text","text":" Permanent members of the body's microbial community."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Transient microbiota:"},{"type":"text","text":" Temporary inhabitants, often eliminated by competition, immune defenses, or environmental changes."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_8.png","alt":"SEM image of bacteria on intestinal surface","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Examples of Resident Microbiota"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Different body sites host specific genera of resident microbiota, contributing to health and disease prevention."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_9.png","alt":"Table of resident microbiota by body site","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbiome Acquisition and Development"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Vertical Transmission and Early Colonization"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Humans acquire their microbiome during and after birth. The mode of delivery and feeding influences the composition of the infant microbiome."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Vaginal birth:"},{"type":"text","text":" Infants inherit maternal vaginal and gut microbiota."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Caesarian birth:"},{"type":"text","text":" Infants acquire microbiota from the environment, increasing risk for certain diseases."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Breastfeeding:"},{"type":"text","text":" Human milk contains diverse carbohydrates that feed beneficial microbes like "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Bifidobacterium longum infantis"},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_10.png","alt":"Probiotic supplement for intestinal health","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Symbiosis and Human Health"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mutualism: Benefits of Microbiota"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbiota provide numerous benefits to the human host:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compete with pathogens, preventing colonization"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Contribute to proper pH (e.g., vaginal environment)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Produce vitamins (K, B) in the colon"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Support tissue development and immune function"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Protect against chronic diseases"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Opportunistic Pathogens"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Normal microbiota can become opportunistic pathogens under certain conditions:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Introduction to unusual sites"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Immune suppression"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Changes in microbiota composition"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stressful conditions"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Infection, Disease, and Epidemiology"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Definitions and Manifestations"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Infection is the invasion of the host by a pathogen, which may lead to disease (morbidity) if normal body functions are altered."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Contamination:"},{"type":"text","text":" Presence of microbes on or in the body"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Infection:"},{"type":"text","text":" Microbes evade defenses, multiply, and establish themselves"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Disease:"},{"type":"text","text":" Alteration of normal body functions"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Symptoms:"},{"type":"text","text":" Subjective experiences (e.g., pain, nausea)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Signs:"},{"type":"text","text":" Objective manifestations (e.g., fever, rash)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Syndrome:"},{"type":"text","text":" Combination of symptoms and signs"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Asymptomatic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Infections without symptoms, but may have signs"}]}]}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Symptoms (Patient)"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Signs (Observer)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pain, nausea, headache, chills, sore throat, fatigue, malaise, itching, abdominal cramps"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Swelling, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, pus, anemia, leukocytosis/leukopenia, bubo, tachycardia/bradycardia"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_16.png","alt":"Table of symptoms and signs of disease","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Categories and Terminology of Disease"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Diseases are classified by cause and characteristics:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hereditary, congenital, degenerative, nutritional, endocrine, mental, immunological, neoplastic, infectious, idiopathic, healthcare-associated"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_17.png","alt":"Table of disease categories","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Prefix/Suffix"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Meaning"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Example"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"carcin-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cancer"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carcinogenic"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"col-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Colon"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Colitis"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"dermat-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Skin"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dermatitis"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"emia"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pertaining to blood"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Viremia"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"end-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Inside"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Endocarditis"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"hepat-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Liver"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hepatitis"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"itis"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Inflammation"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Meningitis"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"logy"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Study of"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pathology"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"oma"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tumor"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Papilloma"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"path-, pathic-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Disease"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Septicemia"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"tox-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Toxin"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Toxin"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_18.png","alt":"Table of disease terminology","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Classification of Infectious Diseases"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Infectious diseases are classified by their course and transmission:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Acute:"},{"type":"text","text":" Rapid onset, short duration"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Chronic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Slow onset, long duration"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Latent:"},{"type":"text","text":" Periods of inactivity"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Asymptomatic:"},{"type":"text","text":" No symptoms"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Communicable:"},{"type":"text","text":" Easily spread"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Noncommunicable:"},{"type":"text","text":" Not spread person-to-person"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Local, systemic, focal, primary, secondary infection"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_19.png","alt":"Table of infectious disease classification","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stages of Infectious Disease"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The progression of infectious disease follows distinct stages:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Incubation period:"},{"type":"text","text":" No signs or symptoms"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Prodromal period:"},{"type":"text","text":" Vague, general symptoms"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Illness:"},{"type":"text","text":" Most severe signs and symptoms"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Decline:"},{"type":"text","text":" Declining signs and symptoms"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Convalescence:"},{"type":"text","text":" No signs or symptoms"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_20.png","alt":"Graph of disease stages","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Reservoirs of Infection"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pathogens are maintained in reservoirs, which are sources of infection:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Animal reservoirs:"},{"type":"text","text":" Zoonoses (diseases spread from animals to humans)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Human carriers:"},{"type":"text","text":" Asymptomatic or symptomatic individuals"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Nonliving reservoirs:"},{"type":"text","text":" Soil, water, food"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_21.png","alt":"Table of zoonoses","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Transmission of Infectious Diseases"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Diseases are transmitted by direct or indirect means:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Contact:"},{"type":"text","text":" Direct (person-to-person), indirect (fomites)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Vehicle:"},{"type":"text","text":" Air, water, food, bodily fluids"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Vector:"},{"type":"text","text":" Biological (intermediate hosts), mechanical (carriers)"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_22.png","alt":"Image of sneeze showing droplet transmission","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Portals of Entry and Exit"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pathogens enter and exit the body through specific sites:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Entry:"},{"type":"text","text":" Skin, mucous membranes, placenta, parenteral route"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Exit:"},{"type":"text","text":" Often same as entry; via secretions or excretions"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pathogens possess virulence factors that enhance their ability to cause disease:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Adherence factors:"},{"type":"text","text":" Proteins, adhesins, fimbriae"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Enzymes:"},{"type":"text","text":" Coagulase, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, leukocidin, hemolysin"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Toxins:"},{"type":"text","text":" Exotoxins (proteins), endotoxins (LPS from Gram-negative bacteria)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Pathogenicity islands:"},{"type":"text","text":" Clusters of virulence genes in bacterial genomes"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Epidemiology: Occurrence and Spread of Disease"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Incidence and Prevalence"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Epidemiology studies the occurrence and transmission of disease in populations."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Incidence:"},{"type":"text","text":" Number of new cases in a given area and time"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Prevalence:"},{"type":"text","text":" Total number of cases in a given area and time"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"cid:image_44","alt":"Table of incidence and prevalence","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Types of Disease Occurrence"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Endemic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Constantly present in population"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Epidemic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Acquired by many hosts in a short time"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Pandemic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Worldwide epidemic"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Sporadic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Occurs occasionally"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Herd immunity:"},{"type":"text","text":" Immunity in most of a population"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Index Case"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The first person infected in an outbreak is called the "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"index case"},{"type":"text","text":" or \"patient zero.\" Identifying the index case helps trace the source and spread of disease."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SIR Model"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The SIR model is used to describe the dynamics of infectious disease spread:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"S:"},{"type":"text","text":" Susceptible"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"I:"},{"type":"text","text":" Infected"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"R:"},{"type":"text","text":" Removed (recovered or deceased)"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"cid:image_47","alt":"SIR model diagram","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Summary Table: Types of Symbiosis"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Type"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organism 1"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organism 2"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Example"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mutualism"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Benefits"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Benefits"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bacteria in human colon"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Commensalism"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Benefits"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Neither benefits nor is harmed"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mites in human hair follicles"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amensalism"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Is harmed"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Neither benefits nor is harmed"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fungus secreting antibiotic, inhibiting bacteria"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Parasitism"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Benefits"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Is harmed"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tuberculosis bacteria in human lung"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_4.png","alt":"Table of symbiotic relationships","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Summary Table: Manifestations of Disease"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Symptoms (Patient)"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Signs (Observer)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pain, nausea, headache, chills, sore throat, fatigue, malaise, itching, abdominal cramps"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Swelling, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, pus, anemia, leukocytosis/leukopenia, bubo, tachycardia/bradycardia"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_16.png","alt":"Table of symptoms and signs of disease","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Summary Table: Categories of Disease"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Category"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Description"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Example"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hereditary"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Genetic errors"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sickle-cell anemia"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Congenital"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Developmental errors"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fetal alcohol syndrome"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Degenerative"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Loss of function"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Renal failure"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nutritional"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Deficiency"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rickets"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Endocrine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hormone imbalance"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Addison's disease"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mental"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Psychological"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Depression"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Immunological"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Immune dysfunction"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Allergies"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Neoplastic"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tumor"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cancer"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Infectious"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pathogen"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Influenza"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Idiopathic"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unknown cause"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Alzheimer's disease"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Healthcare-Associated"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Acquired in healthcare"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pneumonia in hospital"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_17.png","alt":"Table of disease categories","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Summary Table: Infectious Disease Classification"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Term"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Definition"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Acute disease"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rapid onset, short duration"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chronic disease"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Slow onset, long duration"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Subacute disease"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Intermediate duration"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Latent disease"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Periods of inactivity"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Asymptomatic disease"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"No symptoms"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Communicable disease"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Easily spread"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Noncommunicable disease"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Not spread person-to-person"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Local infection"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Confined to small region"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Systemic infection"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Widespread in body"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Focal infection"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Source of infection for other sites"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Primary infection"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Initial infection"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Secondary infection"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Subsequent infection"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_19.png","alt":"Table of infectious disease classification","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Summary Table: Zoonoses"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Disease"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Causative Agent"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Animal Reservoir"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mode of Transmission"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tapeworm infestation"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dipylidium caninum"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dogs"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ingestion of fleas"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Malaria"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Plasmodium spp."}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monkeys"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bite of mosquito"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Toxoplasmosis"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Toxoplasma gondii"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cats"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ingestion of contaminated food"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ringworm"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microsporum spp."}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Domestic animals"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Direct contact"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Anthrax"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bacillus anthracis"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Livestock"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Contact/inhalation"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rabies"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rabies virus"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bats, skunks, foxes"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bite of infected animal"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/b2f11917_image_21.png","alt":"Table of zoonoses","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{