Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the infection fatality ratio (IFR)?

$$\text{IFR} = \frac{\text{deaths from the disease}}{\text{total infections}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the term 'pathology' in microbiology?

Accepted Answer

The study of disease and its effects on the body

Question 2

A newborn delivered by cesarean section is most likely to have a microbiome dominated by which group of microorganisms?

Accepted Answer

Staphylococcus aureus and other skin-associated bacteria

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of mutualism in the human microbiome?

Accepted Answer

E. coli in the large intestine producing vitamin K for the host

Question 4

What is the primary difference between normal microbiota and transient microbiota?

Accepted Answer

Normal microbiota permanently colonize the host, while transient microbiota are present for a limited time

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the infection fatality ratio (IFR)?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{IFR} = \frac{	ext{deaths from the disease}}{	ext{total infections}}$$

Question 6

A patient develops a secondary infection after being treated for influenza. Which term best describes this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Opportunistic infection

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of Koch’s postulates?

Accepted Answer

The pathogen must be present in some cases of the disease

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a noncommunicable disease?

Accepted Answer

Tetanus

Question 9

If a disease is constantly present in a population, it is classified as:

Accepted Answer

Endemic

Question 10

Which of the following best describes herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immunity in most of a population

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with bacteremia. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria are present in the blood, but not necessarily multiplying

Question 12

Which of the following is a predisposing factor for disease?

Accepted Answer

Genetic inheritance

Question 13

Put the following stages of disease in the correct sequence: period of illness, period of decline, incubation period, prodromal period, period of convalescence.

Accepted Answer

Incubation period → prodromal period → period of illness → period of decline → period of convalescence

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of vehicle transmission?

Accepted Answer

Inhaling dust particles carrying pathogens

Question 15

Which method of disease transmission is illustrated when a fly lands on food and transfers pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical transmission

Question 16

Which of the following is a major factor contributing to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

Accepted Answer

Microorganisms in the hospital environment

Question 17

Which of the following precautions is applied to every person, every time, at all levels of healthcare to prevent HAIs?

Accepted Answer

Standard precautions

Question 18

Which of the following is a probable reason for the emergence of new infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Genetic recombination between organisms

Question 19

Which type of epidemiology involves collection and analysis of data to identify the source of an outbreak?

Accepted Answer

Descriptive epidemiology

Question 20

Given the following data: Morbidity of West Nile encephalitis = 5674, Mortality = 286; Morbidity of listeriosis = 121, Mortality = 13. Which disease is more likely to be fatal based on case fatality ratio (CFR)?

Accepted Answer

Listeriosis

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