Question 1

Which of the following features is unique to prokaryotic cells and not found in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a single circular chromosome

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to have a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids in its cell wall. Which type of cell wall does it most likely possess?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the chemical structure of peptidoglycan?

Accepted Answer

A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) cross-linked by short peptides

Question 4

A Gram-negative bacterium is exposed to an antibiotic that disrupts the outer membrane. Which component is most likely to be released and cause a toxic response in the host?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A (endotoxin)

Question 5

Which of the following statements about bacterial flagella is correct?

Accepted Answer

The basal body anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

Question 6

A bacterium moves toward a chemical attractant by alternating between runs and tumbles. Which direction of flagellar rotation results in a 'run'?

Accepted Answer

Counter-clockwise (CCW) rotation

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why endospores are considered survival structures rather than reproductive structures?

Accepted Answer

Endospore formation does not increase the number of cells; one vegetative cell forms one endospore

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial capsule?

Accepted Answer

Protection against phagocytosis

Question 9

A patient is infected with a spirochete that moves efficiently through viscous environments such as mucus. Which structure is responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filament (endoflagella)

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, while eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80S

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the periplasmic space in Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It contains enzymes and proteins involved in nutrient acquisition and cell wall synthesis

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct match between a cell wall type and its unique chemical component?

Accepted Answer

Acid-fast wall: mycolic acid

Question 13

A scientist observes a bacterium with a single flagellum at each end of the cell. What is the correct term for this flagellar arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Amphitrichous

Question 14

Which of the following structures is directly involved in the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Sex pilus

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of sporulation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Formation of an endospore from a vegetative cell under stressful conditions

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of inclusion bodies in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Storage of nutrients such as glycogen or polyphosphate

Question 17

A bacterium is found to lack a cell wall but survives in osmotically protected environments. Which group does it most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasma

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the bacterial nucleoid is correct?

Accepted Answer

It contains the cell's single, circular chromosome

Question 19

Which of the following is a key difference between the cell membranes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic membranes may contain sterols, while most prokaryotic membranes do not

Question 20

Which of the following equations best represents the process of binary fission in bacteria, where $$N is $$the number of cells after $$n$$ generations and $$N_0 is $$the initial number of cells?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function: Study Guide

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