Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why bacterial endospores present a significant challenge in healthcare settings?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are highly resistant to environmental stresses such as heat, radiation, and chemicals, allowing them to survive standard disinfection procedures.

Question 2

A patient develops severe diarrhea after antibiotic treatment. Laboratory analysis reveals the presence of endospores in the stool. Which bacterial species is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Clostridium difficile

Question 3

Which feature of mitochondria and chloroplasts supports the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

They contain circular DNA similar to bacterial chromosomes.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between a bacterial chromosome and a plasmid?

Accepted Answer

A chromosome is essential for viability, while a plasmid is not.

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the composition of a prokaryotic ribosome?

Accepted Answer

$50S + 30S = 70S$

Question 6

A scientist is engineering bacteria to express a gene for antibiotic resistance. Which genetic element is most suitable for this purpose and why?

Accepted Answer

A plasmid, because it can replicate independently and be transferred between cells.

Question 7

Which of the following is a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It is the region where the cell's chromosome is located.

Question 9

A new antibiotic is found to inhibit the 70S ribosome. Which type of cell will be most affected by this drug?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial cells

Question 10

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are composed of a 40S small subunit and a 60S large subunit, forming an 80S ribosome.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why endospores can survive for extended periods on surfaces in healthcare facilities?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are metabolically inactive and highly resistant to desiccation and disinfectants.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

ATP production

Question 13

A mutation prevents the formation of cilia in a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Movement of substances across the cell surface

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the composition of the eukaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and sterols

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process by which mitochondria divide?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Mitochondrion} \xrightarrow{	ext{binary fission}} 2\ 	ext{Mitochondria}$

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic flagella are made of tubulin and move in a wavelike motion, while prokaryotic flagella are made of flagellin and rotate.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the location of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes can be free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 19

A plant cell is observed to have a rigid structure outside its plasma membrane. Which molecule is primarily responsible for this rigidity?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Key Concepts for Microbiology

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