Q: Which equation best represents the calculation of vaccine efficacy ($$E) $$given attack rates in vaccinated ($$AR_v) $$and unvaccinated ($$AR_u) $$populations?

$$E = \frac{AR_u - AR_v}{AR_u} \times 100$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for a Type I (Anaphylactic) hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

Cross-linking of IgE antibodies on mast cells, resulting in degranulation and release of histamine

Question 2

A newborn develops hemolytic disease due to Rh incompatibility. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Type II (Cytotoxic)

Question 3

Which vaccine type uses a purified protein derivative to test for exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test)

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of artificially acquired passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving gamma globulin injections after exposure to hepatitis

Question 5

A patient receives a recombinant vaccine containing only antigenic fragments of a virus. Which vaccine is most likely described?

Accepted Answer

Hepatitis B vaccine

Question 6

Which equation best represents the calculation of vaccine efficacy ($$E) $$given attack rates in vaccinated ($$AR_v) $$and unvaccinated ($$AR_u) $$populations?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{AR_u - AR_v}{AR_u} 	imes 100$$

Question 7

Which of the following hypersensitivity types is primarily mediated by T cells and not by antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Type IV (Cell-Mediated)

Question 8

A person develops allergic contact dermatitis after exposure to poison ivy. Which immunological mechanism is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Activation of sensitized T cells leading to delayed inflammation

Question 9

Which of the following is a key advantage of passive immunization?

Accepted Answer

Immediate protection against infection

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the difference between naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired active immunity results from exposure to pathogens during daily life, while artificially acquired active immunity results from vaccination.

Question 11

A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experiences tissue damage due to deposition of immune complexes. Which hypersensitivity type is involved?

Accepted Answer

Type III (Immune Complex)

Question 12

Which of the following vaccines is an example of an inactivated (killed) virus vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Polio (Salk)

Question 13

During a blood transfusion, a patient develops hemolysis due to ABO incompatibility. Which immunological process is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

IgG or IgM antibody binding to red blood cells and complement activation

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of the secondary immune response compared to the primary response?

Accepted Answer

Rapid and stronger antibody production due to memory cells

Question 15

A patient receives a tuberculin skin test. The reaction is read 48-72 hours after injection and measured in millimeters of induration. Which type of hypersensitivity is this test based on?

Accepted Answer

Type IV (Cell-Mediated)

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the antigen that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine targets?

Accepted Answer

Viral spike protein produced from mRNA

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a principal vaccine used in the United States to prevent bacterial diseases?

Accepted Answer

MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

Organ transplant rejection mediated by T cells

Question 19

Which of the following statements about passive immunization is correct?

Accepted Answer

It provides immediate protection but is short-lived.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of allergy development in Type I hypersensitivity?

Accepted Answer

Immunization leads to production of IgE antibodies that bind mast cells

Vaccines and Hypersensitivities: Immunological Principles and Disorders

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