Question 1

Which of the following best describes the genome of a positive-strand RNA virus?

Accepted Answer

It is identical in sense to the host cell's mRNA and can be directly translated.

Question 2

A negative-strand RNA virus must carry which enzyme to ensure successful replication in a host cell?

Accepted Answer

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA replicase)

Question 3

Which process is unique to retroviruses and is represented by the following equation?
$$
	ext{RNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{reverse transcriptase}} 	ext{DNA}
$$

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcription

Question 4

Pox viruses are unique among DNA viruses because:

Accepted Answer

They replicate entirely in the cytoplasm of the host cell.

Question 5

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a herpesvirus?

Accepted Answer

COVID-19

Question 6

Antigenic drift and antigenic shift are mechanisms by which influenza viruses evade the immune system. Which equation best represents antigenic shift?
$$
	ext{Virus A} + 	ext{Virus B} ightarrow 	ext{New Virus (AB)}
$$

Accepted Answer

Sudden combination of genetic material from two different viruses

Question 7

Which virus is bullet-shaped and belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family?

Accepted Answer

Rabies virus

Question 8

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates prions from viruses and viroids?

Accepted Answer

Prions contain only protein, while viruses and viroids contain nucleic acids.

Question 9

Which equation best represents the replication cycle of a retrovirus?
$$
	ext{RNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{reverse transcriptase}} 	ext{DNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{integration}} 	ext{Host Genome}
$$

Accepted Answer

Retrovirus replication involving reverse transcription and integration

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic of viroids?

Accepted Answer

They infect plants and consist of a short, circular single-stranded RNA without a protein coat.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the pathogenic form of a prion protein?

Accepted Answer

It has a higher beta-sheet content and induces misfolding in normal proteins.

Question 12

Which equation best represents the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?
$$
	ext{Phage DNA} ightarrow 	ext{Replication} ightarrow 	ext{Assembly} ightarrow 	ext{Cell Lysis}
$$

Accepted Answer

Destruction of the host cell following viral replication and assembly

Question 13

Which of the following viruses is associated with severe respiratory diseases such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19?

Accepted Answer

Coronavirus

Question 14

Which of the following is true about reoviruses?

Accepted Answer

They have a double-stranded RNA genome and an icosahedral shape.

Question 15

Which equation best represents the genetic information flow in a hepadnavirus?
$$
	ext{DNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{transcription}} 	ext{RNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{reverse transcription}} 	ext{DNA}
$$

Accepted Answer

Replication of DNA via an RNA intermediate

Question 16

Which of the following is the primary host cell for hepadnaviruses such as Hepatitis B virus?

Accepted Answer

Hepatocytes (liver cells)

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a prion disease?

Accepted Answer

Chickenpox

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the replication location for most DNA viruses?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus of the host cell

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true regarding the replication of RNA viruses?

Accepted Answer

Most RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm and often carry their own enzymes.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why influenza vaccines must be updated frequently?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic drift causes gradual mutations in viral genes, leading to new strains.

ch 11

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