Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the lytic and lysogenic replication cycles of bacteriophages?

Accepted Answer

The lytic cycle results in immediate destruction of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle allows the phage genome to integrate into the host genome and remain dormant.

Question 2

During the lysogenic cycle, what is the term for the integrated phage genome within the bacterial chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Prophage

Question 3

Phage conversion is medically important because:

Accepted Answer

It can provide bacteria with new pathogenic traits, such as toxin production.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a bacterium that acquires pathogenicity through phage conversion?

Accepted Answer

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 5

Which step is unique to animal virus replication compared to bacteriophage replication?

Accepted Answer

Uncoating

Question 6

A scientist is studying a virus that enters host cells by membrane fusion. Which type of virus is most likely being studied?

Accepted Answer

An enveloped animal virus

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why blocking viral attachment proteins is typically more effective than blocking host cell proteins for antiviral therapy?

Accepted Answer

Viral attachment proteins are unique to the virus, so blocking them is less likely to harm host cells.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the release of animal viruses is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enveloped viruses are released by budding, while naked viruses are typically released by cell lysis.

Question 9

A patient experiences recurring cold sores caused by HSV-1. Which type of infection does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Latent infection

Question 10

Which of the following graphs best represents a chronic viral infection?

Accepted Answer

A graph showing steady, low-level viral production over months or years

Question 11

Which step in the animal virus replication cycle is targeted by drugs like docosanol?

Accepted Answer

Attachment and entry

Question 12

A new antiviral drug is designed to inhibit viral RNA polymerase. Which step of the viral replication cycle will this drug most directly affect?

Accepted Answer

Replication (synthesis)

Question 13

Which of the following equations best represents the exponential increase in virion number during the lytic cycle, assuming each infected cell releases $$N$$ new virions and $$k$$ cycles occur?

Accepted Answer

$$V = N^k$$

Question 14

Why are enveloped viruses that bud from the host cell still considered dangerous, even though they do not cause cell lysis?

Accepted Answer

They can evade immune detection and continue to produce new virions without killing the host cell immediately.

Question 15

A virus infects a host cell and its genome is replicated and transcribed using host cell machinery. Which step of the viral replication cycle does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Replication (synthesis)

Question 16

Which of the following is a key evolutionary advantage of the lysogenic cycle for temperate phages?

Accepted Answer

It allows the phage genome to persist in the host population without killing the host cell.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a step in the generalized animal virus replication cycle?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 18

A researcher observes that a virus can remain dormant in host cells and reactivate under stress. Which term best describes this infection?

Accepted Answer

Latent infection

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why it is difficult to create a single graph that models all latent persistent infections?

Accepted Answer

Latent infections have variable periods of dormancy and reactivation, leading to unpredictable patterns of viral replication.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct sequence of steps for the lytic replication cycle of a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

Attachment, penetration, replication, assembly, release

Viral Replication Pathways and Mechanisms in Microbiology CHAPTER 6B

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