Compare and contrast each of the following:

a. Cyanobacteria and algae

b. Actinomycetes and fungi

c. Bacillus and Lactobacillus

d. Pseudomonas and Escherichia

e. Leptospira and Spirillum

f. Escherichia and Bacteroides

g. Rickettsia and Chlamydia

h. Mycobacterium and Mycoplasma

Which of the following does not belong with the others?

a. Enterobacteriales

b. Lactobacillales

c. Legionellales

d. Pasteurellales

e. Vibrionales

DRAW IT Draw a key to differentiate the following bacteria: cyanobacteria, Cytophaga, Desulfovibrio, Frankia, Hyphomicrobium, methanogens, myxobacteria, Nitrobacter, purple bacteria, Sphaerotilus, and Sulfolobus.

Pathogenic bacteria can be

a. motile.

b. rods.

c. cocci.

d. anaerobic.

e. all of the above.

Which of the following is an intracellular parasite?

a. Rickettsia

b. Mycobacterium

c. Bacillus

d. Staphylococcus

e. Streptococcus

Which of the following terms is the most specific?

a. bacillus

b. Bacillus

c. gram-positive

d. endospore-forming rods and cocci

e. anaerobic

Which one of the following does not belong with the others?

a. Enterococcus

b. Lactobacillus

c. Staphylococcus

d. Streptococcus

e. All are grouped together.

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

a. anaerobic endospore-forming gram-positive rods—Clostridium

b. facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods—Escherichia

c. facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods—Shigella

d. pleomorphic gram-positive rods—Corynebacterium

e. spirochete—Helicobacter

Spirillum is not classified as a spirochete because spirochetes

a. do not cause disease.

b. possess axial filaments.

c. possess flagella.

d. are prokaryotes.

e. none of the above

When Legionella was newly discovered, why was it classified with the pseudomonads?

a. It is a pathogen.

b. It is an aerobic gram-negative rod.

c. It is difficult to culture.

d. It is found in water.

e. none of the above

Which of the following neurotoxins are released by some species of dinoflagellates to protect themselves from predators?

a) Tetrodotoxin

b) Botulinum toxin

c) Maitotoxin

d) Ricin

Complete the following table.

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Use the following choices to answer questions 8–10:

a. Apicomplexa

b. ciliates

c. dinoflagellates

d. Microsporidia

These are obligate intracellular parasites that lack mitochondria.

Use the following choices to answer questions 8–10:

a. Apicomplexa

b. ciliates

c. dinoflagellates

d. Microsporidia

These are nonmotile parasites with special organelles for penetrating host tissue.

The removal of plasmids reduces virulence in which of the following organisms?

a. C. tetani

b. E. coli

c. S. enterica

d. S. mutans

e. C. botulinum

How are capsules and cell wall components related to pathogenicity? Give specific examples.

Cell membrane damage causes death because

a. the cell undergoes osmotic lysis.

b. cell contents leak out.

c. the cell plasmolyzes.

d. the cell lacks a wall.

e. None of the above is correct.

NAME IT This anaerobic, gram-positive rod is found on the skin. Infections are often treated with retinoids or benzoyl peroxide.

NAME IT These aerobic, gram-negative bacteria produce tracheal cytotoxin that kills ciliated cells of the trachea.

Match the following choices to the culture descriptions in questions 3 through 6:

a. Chlamydia

b. Coccidioides

c. Histoplasma

d. Mycobacterium

e. Mycoplasma

Your culture from a pneumonia patient appears not to have grown. You do see colonies, however, when the plate is viewed at 100x.

Identify the bacteria involved in respiratory infections using the following laboratory test results:

Gram-positive cocci

Catalase-positive: a. ____________________________________

Catalase-negative

Beta-hemolytic, bacitracin inhibition: b. ____________________________________

Alpha-hemolytic, optochin inhibition: c. ____________________________________

Gram-positive rods

Non-acid-fast: d. ____________________________________

Acid-fast: e. ____________________________________

Gram-negative cocci: f. ____________________________________

Gram-negative rods

Aerobes

Coccobacilli: g. ____________________________________

Rods

Grow on nutrient agar: h. ____________________________________

Require special media: i. ____________________________________

Facultative anaerobes

Coccobacilli: j. ____________________________________

Intracellular parasites

Form elementary bodies: k. ____________________________________

Do not form elementary bodies: l. ____________________________________

Wall-less: m. ____________________________________

Use the following choices to answer questions 2–5:

a. Candida

b. Chlamydia

c. Gardnerella

d. Neisseria

e. Trichomonas

Microscopic examination of vaginal smear shows ovoid eukaryotic cell.

Use the following choices to answer questions 2–5:

a. Candida

b. Chlamydia

c. Gardnerella

d. Neisseria

e. Trichomonas

Microscopic examination of vaginal smear shows epithelial cells covered with bacteria.

Use the following choices to answer questions 2–5:

a. Candida

b. Chlamydia

c. Gardnerella

d. Neisseria

e. Trichomonas

Microscopic examination of vaginal smear shows gram-negative cocci in phagocytes.

NAME IT Intracellular reticulate bodies of this gram-negative bacterium convert to elementary bodies that can infect a new host cell.

NAME IT These nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes provide nitrogen fertilizer in rice paddies; they live symbiotically in the cells of the freshwater plant Azolla.

The following organisms have important roles as symbionts with plants and fungi; describe the symbiotic relationship of each organism with its host: cyanobacteria, mycorrhizae, Rhizobium, Frankia.

Use the following choices to answer questions 3–5:

a. Bacillus coagulans

b. Byssochlamys

c. flat sour spoilage

d. Lactobacillus

e. thermophilic anaerobic spoilage

A heat-resistant fungus that causes spoilage in acidic foods.