Q: A food contains 10 grams of carbohydrate, 5 grams of protein, and 2 grams of fat. What is the total energy content of this food in kilocalories (kcal)? (Use: 4 kcal/g for carbohydrate and protein, 9 kcal/g for fat)

$10 \times 4 + 5 \times 4 + 2 \times 9 = 40 + 20 + 18 = 78$ kcal

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the general formula for a carbohydrate?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{C}_n\mathrm{H}_{2n}\mathrm{O}_n$ (where n is the number of carbons)

Question 2

Which organ is responsible for secreting bile, and what is the primary function of bile in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Liver; bile emulsifies fats for digestion

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Which of the following best explains the underlying issue and the expected effect on blood glucose regulation?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient insulin production; blood glucose remains elevated after meals

Question 4

Which of the following statements about LDL and HDL is correct?

Accepted Answer

LDL transports cholesterol to tissues and is considered 'bad' cholesterol; HDL removes cholesterol from tissues and is considered 'good' cholesterol.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Primary energy storage

Question 6

A food contains 10 grams of carbohydrate, 5 grams of protein, and 2 grams of fat. What is the total energy content of this food in kilocalories (kcal)? (Use: 4 kcal/g for carbohydrate and protein, 9 kcal/g for fat)

Accepted Answer

$10 	imes 4 + 5 	imes 4 + 2 	imes 9 = 40 + 20 + 18 = 78$ kcal

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbons; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 8

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin, and what is a classic symptom of its deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C; scurvy

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why babies should not be fed honey before 1 year of age?

Accepted Answer

Honey may contain spores of Clostridium botulinum, which can cause infant botulism.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of glucagon in blood glucose regulation?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when blood sugar is low.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct chemical structure for an amino acid?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{NH}_2-\mathrm{CHR}-\mathrm{COOH}$

Question 12

A patient is found to have a deficiency in niacin (vitamin B3). Which population is most at risk for this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with a diet primarily based on corn untreated with lime

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH

Question 14

Which of the following minerals is most important for oxygen transport in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Iron

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the difference between cis- and trans- fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Cis- fatty acids have hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond; trans- fatty acids have hydrogens on opposite sides.

Question 16

Which of the following is the main reason why excess dietary protein is not stored as protein in the body?

Accepted Answer

Excess amino acids are deaminated and converted to energy or fat.

Question 17

Which of the following is a major function of vitamin B12?

Accepted Answer

Formation of red blood cells and maintenance of nerve cells

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP acts as the main energy currency, transferring energy for cellular processes.

Question 19

A pregnant woman is advised to increase her intake of folate. What is the primary reason for this recommendation?

Accepted Answer

To reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the developing fetus

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the thermic effect of food (TEF)?

Accepted Answer

The energy required to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients

Comprehensive Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide

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