Q: Which of the following equations correctly estimates the amount of fluid (in liters) needed to replenish sweat losses after exercise, given a weight loss of $$x kg$$?

$$Fluid\ needed = x \times 1.5$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity than water-soluble vitamins?

Accepted Answer

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and adipose tissue, so excess intake can accumulate to toxic levels.

Question 2

A patient presents with night blindness and frequent respiratory infections. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is a primary food source to recommend?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A; recommend carrots and sweet potatoes.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of antioxidants among the vitamins?

Accepted Answer

Antioxidants neutralize free radicals by donating electrons, and vitamins C, E, and beta-carotene perform this function.

Question 4

A 55-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which mineral is most critical for her bone health, and what is the mechanism by which it supports bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Calcium; it provides structural strength to bones and is regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.

Question 5

Which of the following factors would most likely decrease the bioavailability of nonheme iron from a plant-based meal?

Accepted Answer

High intake of phytates from whole grains, which bind iron and inhibit absorption.

Question 6

A patient is taking a high-dose niacin supplement to lower cholesterol. Which potential toxicity symptom should you monitor for?

Accepted Answer

Flushing and liver damage

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly estimates the amount of fluid (in liters) needed to replenish sweat losses after exercise, given a weight loss of $$x kg$$?

Accepted Answer

$$Fluid\ needed = x 	imes 1.5$$

Question 8

A 30-year-old vegan is at risk for which type of anemia, and what is the underlying nutrient deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia; vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of animal products.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the DASH diet and hypertension is correct?

Accepted Answer

The DASH diet emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy to increase potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake, which helps lower blood pressure.

Question 10

Which water-soluble vitamin is most likely to be destroyed by heat during cooking, and what is a good strategy to preserve it?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C; steam vegetables instead of boiling them.

Question 11

A patient with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with confusion, ataxia, and memory loss. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely, and what is the syndrome called?

Accepted Answer

Thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency; Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between heme and nonheme iron in terms of absorption?

Accepted Answer

Heme iron, found in animal foods, is absorbed more efficiently than nonheme iron from plant sources.

Question 13

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the kidneys to conserve water, and what is its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); it increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 14

A person consumes a diet high in oxalates (e.g., spinach) and low in vitamin D. Which mineral's absorption is most likely to be impaired, and what is a potential health consequence?

Accepted Answer

Calcium; increased risk of osteoporosis.

Question 15

Which of the following is a sign of water intoxication (hyponatremia) rather than dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Confusion, headache, and low blood sodium levels.

Question 16

Which of the following individuals would most likely benefit from a dietary supplement, according to current nutrition guidelines?

Accepted Answer

A pregnant woman needing extra folic acid to prevent neural tube defects.

Question 17

Which trace mineral is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis, and what is a classic deficiency disorder associated with its lack?

Accepted Answer

Iodine; goiter.

Question 18

A patient is prescribed a diuretic for hypertension. What is a potential nutritional concern, and which mineral should be monitored?

Accepted Answer

Potassium loss; monitor serum potassium levels.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why vitamin C enhances nonheme iron absorption?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C reduces ferric iron ($$Fe^{3+}) to $$ferrous iron ($$Fe^{2+}$$), which is more readily absorbed.

Question 20

A patient presents with bleeding gums, poor wound healing, and pinpoint hemorrhages. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely, and what is a primary food source?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C deficiency; recommend citrus fruits.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Water-Soluble Vitamins, Major Minerals, Trace Minerals, and Water: Study Guide

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