Question 1

Which of the following best explains why athletes are at increased risk for iron deficiency compared to non-athletes?

Accepted Answer

Athletes experience increased iron losses through sweat, gastrointestinal bleeding, and hemolysis during intense exercise.

Question 2

A female athlete presents with amenorrhea, low bone mineral density, and a history of restrictive eating. Which condition is she most likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Female Athlete Triad

Question 3

Which of the following is a primary function of water during physical activity?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen and nutrients to muscles and removing waste products such as lactic acid

Question 4

An athlete is preparing for a marathon and wants to maximize glycogen storage. Which dietary strategy should they use, and why is it effective?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate loading, because it increases muscle glycogen stores for endurance events

Question 5

A runner loses 4.5 cups of water per day at rest in a temperate climate through which primary mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Evaporation from the skin and lungs

Question 6

Which of the following best describes sports anemia?

Accepted Answer

A beneficial adaptation where expanded plasma volume dilutes red blood cells, reducing hemoglobin concentration

Question 7

During a 2-hour cycling event, an athlete should consume how many grams of carbohydrates per hour after the first hour, according to recommendations?

Accepted Answer

$$30-60$$ grams per hour

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a recommended post-exercise nutrition strategy?

Accepted Answer

Restrict sodium intake to prevent water retention

Question 9

A soccer player drinks excessive amounts of water during a tournament and develops symptoms such as headache, confusion, and nausea. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 10

Which of the following macronutrient distributions is recommended for athletes and healthy individuals?

Accepted Answer

$$45-65\%$$ carbohydrates, $$20-35\%$$ fat, $$10-35\%$$ protein

Question 11

Why is carbohydrate loading not recommended for activities lasting less than 90 minutes?

Accepted Answer

Muscle glycogen stores are sufficient for shorter duration activities

Question 12

Which vitamin group is especially important for athletes due to its role in energy metabolism?

Accepted Answer

B vitamins

Question 13

A marathon runner is training in a hot, humid environment. Which factor most increases their risk of heat-related illness?

Accepted Answer

Inability to dissipate heat due to high humidity and inadequate hydration

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of antioxidant vitamins (such as C and E) for athletes?

Accepted Answer

They help protect cells from oxidative damage caused by increased oxygen use during exercise

Question 15

A 70-kg athlete is planning their pre-exercise meal 2-3 hours before an event. According to recommendations, what percentage of their meal should come from carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

$$60-70\%$$

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the Female Athlete Triad?

Accepted Answer

A female gymnast with irregular menstrual cycles, low calorie intake, and stress fractures

Question 17

If an athlete fails to compensate for fluid losses during exercise, which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration, leading to increased body temperature and impaired performance

Question 18

Which of the following is a common misconception about sports bars marketed to athletes?

Accepted Answer

They always provide all essential vitamins and minerals needed for athletic performance

Question 19

A triathlete is concerned about bone health. Which nutrient should they ensure is adequate in their diet to support bone formation and prevent issues associated with the Female Athlete Triad?

Accepted Answer

Calcium

Question 20

An athlete's energy needs depend on which of the following factors? Select the most comprehensive answer.

Accepted Answer

Intensity, duration, frequency of activity, characteristics of the exerciser, and location

Nutrition and Physical Activity: Key Concepts for College Nutrition Students

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