Show how the following compound can be synthesized using the given starting material.

Rationalize why the carbonyl oxygen of the ester attacks the aluminum of DIBAL-H instead of the alkoxy oxygen in the following reaction.

Predict the structures of (1) through (4).

It is observed that when ¹⁸O-labeled water dissolves a ketone, the oxygen in it is incorporated into the ketone. Propose the plausible mechanism for the reaction.

Give a plausible mechanism for the synthesis of the cyanohydrin compound shown below.

Outline the synthetic route to perform the following conversion using any necessary reagents and solvents.

Determine the hemiacetal functional group in the following molecule, and identify whether the molecule is stable or not.

Draw the product of the reaction given below.

Propose a synthetic scheme that would achieve the following transformation. Use whatever reagents are needed.

Determine the expected product of the acid-catalysed reaction between p-nitroacetophenone and diethylamine.

What is the product for the reaction of cycloheptanone with phenylhydrazine and weak acid?

Illustrate three different strategies by which the reaction given below can be carried out.

Provide the product of the reaction shown below.

Propose the plausible synthesis of octan-3-one from CH₃(CH₂)₄CN, using any necessary reagents.

Triphenylphosphine can be used to open epoxides via nucleophilic substitution. The initial substitution product (a betaine) quickly cyclizes to a 4-membered ring (oxaphosphetane) that collapses to triphenylphosphine oxide and an alkene. Draw the arrow-pushing mechanism for the reaction of trans-3,4-epoxyhexane and triphenylphosphine to produce hex-3-ene. Identify the specific stereoisomer of the product.

Propose how these transformations can be performed efficiently using any necessary reagents.

Show how the given starting material could be converted into the following nitrile:

1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene → 4-bromobenzonitrile

What structure corresponds to the name α-bromopropionic acid?

Draw the structure of α-tert-butylmalonic acid.

Give an example of a γ-diester.

Give the names of the compounds shown below:

Provide the names of the carboxylic acid derivatives below. If applicable, provide both the common and IUPAC names. Use cis-/trans- where necessary.

Give the structural formula of the given molecule:

isobutyric anhydride

Give the names of the compounds shown below:

What would be the product(s) formed for the hydrolysis reaction given?