Organic molecules in your everyday life.

Hey, guys. So I just wanna kick off this course talking about the relevance of organic chemistry. So hopefully, by this point, you've already had one year of general chemistry. So you learned about a lot of the atoms on the periodic table? Well, what is it about organic chemistry that's so special? Why do we take an entire extra year toe learn about organic chemistry? Let's go ahead and look into that. Well, basically, organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of life. Okay, so what that means is that many of the molecules we're gonna be discussing in this course have to do with molecules that are made by biological systems That makes them really important to our lives. For example, you go to the store and you wanna buy some shampoo. I know all you guys have done this. When you look at the back and you're like, Wow, what are all these ingredients? I have no clue what's going on. Organic chemistry gives you the tools to be able to understand what's actually in a lot of the products that you consume. So, for example, Burt's bees very volumizing shampoo, I even increase included price there. I am not affiliated with this company at all. I don't even use it. As you can tell. My hair doesn't have enough volume. But whatever. I just thought this was an interesting example. Here we have four molecules that we may learn a little bit more about later. And as you can see, they could all be represented by these structures that I've drawn here. Now, you don't have the ability to fully understand these structures yet. We're going to get to that by the end of this chapter. Okay, but what's interesting is that organic chemistry really gives you a new lens to view the world through, because now you're gonna actually start to understand a lot of these Ah, lot of these forces that go into making these products are making food or whatever. You're gonna have to look at that and then just understand it a lot better. Another application just to show you how diverse the field of organic chemistry is completely on the opposite. How if we want to create something really destructive, like nerve gas, nerve gas, that has all to do with organic chemistry and actually has to do with like the way that organic chemistry reacts with the body, and that's what we call biochemistry, Right? Biochemistry would be the interaction of chemistry with biological systems. So this is not something that we're going to get to for a while. In fact, ever. This is something I learned in pharmacy school, but just want to show you guys how molecules like acetic acid, calling a pseudo calling these air molecules that are based off of organic chemistry interactive your body and actually could kill you like in 30 seconds. It's crazy how fast these molecules work.

What is an organic molecule?

So let's just go into recognizing what is organic molecules. So technically there's actually a lot of definitions on what is organic molecule based on what you're talking about back then. They used to have a much different definition. Some books will even say some, some things that are different. But the majority of the consensus is that technically inorganic molecules, any molecule that contains both carbon, obviously right, We know that life the chemistry of life is basically built on carbon, at least on the earth and carbon and hydrogen. Okay. The reason I said the whole Earth thing is because some people are like aliens are made out of like silicon or something. But like whatever the biology of life has to do with carbons. Okay. And then um, the an organic molecule that contains a mixture of hydrogen carbon only it doesn't have any other atoms would be called. You guys know that one. You should know that one. A hydrocarbon.

There is a small portion of the periodic table that you must know to do organic chemistry. Construct this part from ­memory, using the following steps.

a. From memory, make a list of the elements in the first two rows of the periodic table, together with their numbers of valence electrons

b. Use this list to construct the first two rows of the periodic table.

c. Organic compounds often contain sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Add these elements to your ­periodic table.

Orgo&#160;isn&#8217;t so bad, right? Let&#8217;s move on to the next topic.&#160;

Identifying organic molecules

so hopefully what you said was that number letter A is definitely, um organic. So I'm just gonna put in Oh, with a check box. And it is because it's made out of carbon and hydrogen. Perfect. Is it also a hydrocarbon? So I'm gonna put h Is it also a hydrocarbon? Yes, it is. Because it on Lee has carbon and hydrogen. In fact, this is the most simple, smallest form of carbon called methane. Okay, so you might know, like methane, like, smells bad. It's released, like in gas. So sorry, too much information, but whatever, Um, that is an organic molecule. How about this next one here? Hopefully, you said that? Yes. This is organic. Okay, because once again, it has carbon, and it has hydrogen. Is it a hydrocarbon? No, this would not be a hydrocarbon. The reason is because it has an oxygen there. See how I haven't Adam, That is not a carbon or hydrogen. So that means that this is considered a This is considered just an organic molecule. In fact, this is acetone. So if you guys, maybe you girls use attitude like take your nail polish off. Whatever. I hate that smell. It's disgusting. That's what the molecule looks like. All right, We're gonna be learning about a lot of really cool molecules. At least I think they're cool, right? I have. I have to think they're cool. I'm a tutor, but they are really cool. So hopefully we'll get to know them too. Don't memorize that. This is don't memorize these names yet. I'm just giving you some information for later. Okay, then finally, this last one, hopefully you guys said is that this was not organic. And also, it was not Ah, hydrocarbon. Okay, The reason is because I do have a carbon here, but I do not have Ah, hydrogen. Okay, there are no hydrogen, so this is not an organic molecule. In fact, this is what we consider. It can be a little bit confusing in organic carbon, like not organic. This would be a form of inorganic carbon because it doesn't have any hydrogen at all. In fact, this is CO two or carbon dioxide. So carbon dioxide, you know, that's like a greenhouse gas that goes into the air that's considered inorganic. We would learn about this a little bit more in gen cam because that has to do more with inorganic. And then for organic, we would deal more with the molecules that have hydrogen on them. Okay, that's a general rule.

Why do we take an entire year learning about Organic chemistry? What makes Organic chemistry so special? Let’s find out.&nbsp;

<ul><li>Organic Molecule: Any molecule that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen.</li><li>Hydrocarbon: Any molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen, and nothing else.</li></ul>

Household products have tons of organic molecules in them! It feels awesome when you know what they mean.

Learn the toughest concepts covered in Organic Chemistry with step-by-step video tutorials and practice problems by world-class tutors.

Johnny

Organic Chemistry

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Johnny Betancourt

1. A Review of General Chemistry

2. Molecular Representations

3. Acids and Bases

4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

5. Chirality

6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics

7. Substitution Reactions

8. Elimination Reactions

9. Alkenes and Alkynes

10. Addition Reactions

11. Radical Reactions

12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols

13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds

14. Synthetic Techniques

15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect

16. Conjugated Systems

17. Aromaticity

18. Reactions of Aromatics:EAS and Beyond

19. Aldehydes and Ketones:Nucleophilic Addition

20. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives:NAS

21. Enolate Chemistry:Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon

22. Condensation Chemistry

23. Amines

24. Carbohydrates

25. Phenols

26. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

27. Transition Metals

[BOOK ORGO] CLUTCH

Lewis Structure

Drawing Lewis Structures is something we learned how to do in Gen Chem. Nothing has changed since then, but now since we know about bonding preferences, that makes it a lot easier.&nbsp;

Wave Function

Condensed Structural Formula

What if you want to describe a molecule, but you have nothing but a keyboard? (No fancy pictures or drawings). This is was actually a big dilemma in the chemistry world, which is why we now have condensed structure.&nbsp;

Formal Charges

We use our knowledge of valance electrons to determine what he formal charge of the molecule will be.&#160;

Molecular Orbitals

When atomic orbitals interfere constructively with each other, they increase the chances of finding electrons between nuclei, forming what we call a bond.

Degrees of Unsaturation

Hydrocarbons fall into two categories:Saturated and Unsaturated- and both of these terms describe the number of hydrogens that carbon is bonded to.&nbsp;

Octet Rule

This might be the most important rule in all of undergraduate chemistry! Let’s start from the beginning and go from there. &nbsp;

Skeletal Structure

Since we are going to be drawing A LOT of molecules over the next year, it makes sense to find an easier way to draw them. Hence, I now present to you 🥁 the skeletal structure!*Also known as bondline structure or line-angle structure.&nbsp;

Hybridization

Aufbau Principle predicts that carbon would have two partially filled 2p orbitals, suggesting that carbon could only make 2 bonds. However, carbon actually makes 4 bonds.How do we explain this?&nbsp;&nbsp;

Sigma and Pi Bonds

Constitutional Isomers

&#8220;How are the following two molecules related to each other?&#8221;

Does this sound familiar? This is one of the most important questions you will have to answer in Organic Chemistry 1.&#160;

Resonance Structures

Resonance is used to represent all the different ways that identical molecules can distribute electrons.&#160;

Atomic Structure

Bonding Preferences

Just because an atom satisfies its octet doesn’t mean that it is stable. We also have to consider valence electrons. Sounds familiar? Let’s look into what those are.&nbsp;

Intro to Organic Chemistry

Electronegativity

All bonds are not created equal. Some bonds perfectly share their electrons, and others barely share them at all. A dipole moment is the mathematical expression that describes this disbalance.&nbsp;

Molecular Geometry

Hybridization describes orbitals, but molecular geometry describes the shape of the atom.&nbsp;

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