Complete this map, which presents some major concepts from this chapter.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the two main vertebrate systems responsible for internal communication and regulation: the endocrine system and the nervous system.
2. Determine the type of signals used by each system: the endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones), while the nervous system uses electrical signals.
3. Understand that hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and bind with specific receptors on target cell surfaces or within the cells.
4. Recognize that hormones are produced by various glands, such as the adrenal glands, which are under the control of the hypothalamus.
5. Note that the adrenal glands produce hormones involved in the 'fight-or-flight' response, such as adrenaline.

Key Concepts

Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical messengers, regulating various bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and mood. Unlike the nervous system, which uses electrical signals for rapid communication, the endocrine system operates more slowly but has lasting effects on the body.

Hormones and Target Cells

Hormones are specific signaling molecules that travel through the bloodstream to target cells, where they bind to receptors located on the cell surfaces. This binding initiates a response in the target cell, influencing its activity and function. The specificity of hormone action is determined by the presence of appropriate receptors on target cells, allowing for precise regulation of physiological processes.

Hypothalamus and Regulation

The hypothalamus is a crucial brain region that links the nervous system to the endocrine system. It regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland and controls various autonomic functions, including the 'fight-or-flight' response. By responding to internal and external stimuli, the hypothalamus plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and coordinating the body's response to stress.