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Fundamentals of Genetics

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What is a gene?
    A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions to make a specific protein or RNA molecule.
  • Define allele.
    An allele is a variant form of a gene that can result in different traits.
  • What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
    Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the observable physical traits.
  • How does DNA relate to protein synthesis?
    DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins using a three-base code called a codon.
  • What is the genetic code?
    The genetic code uses triplets of bases (codons) in RNA to specify amino acids during protein synthesis.
  • Explain the role of homologous chromosomes.
    Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes but may have different alleles, contributing to genetic diversity.
  • What is trisomy?
    Trisomy is a chromosomal anomaly where there are three copies of a chromosome instead of two.
  • Describe sickle cell anemia in genetic terms.
    Sickle cell anemia is caused by a specific mutation in the gene coding for hemoglobin, leading to abnormal red blood cells.
  • What are model organisms in genetics?
    Model organisms are species extensively studied to understand biological processes applicable to other species.
  • What is transcription in genetics?
    Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • What is translation in genetics?
    Translation is the process where mRNA is decoded to build a protein at the ribosome.
  • How do mutations affect genes?
    Mutations are changes in DNA sequence that can alter gene function and lead to genetic disorders or variation.
  • What is the significance of Mendel's work?
    Mendel established the basic laws of inheritance, showing how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
  • Define phenotype.
    Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
  • Define genotype.
    Genotype is the set of genes an organism carries.
  • What is an allele?
    An allele is one of two or more versions of a gene.
  • What is the role of chromosomes in genetics?
    Chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of DNA and genes.
  • What is a codon?
    A codon is a sequence of three RNA bases that codes for a specific amino acid.
  • How does genetic inheritance determine traits?
    Traits are determined by the combination of alleles inherited from parents, expressed as genotype and phenotype.
  • What causes genetic diversity?
    Genetic diversity arises from mutations, recombination, and the assortment of homologous chromosomes.