Intro to Metabolism Practice Problems

Consider the cycle between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The two pathways operate in opposite directions. Identify which pathway is exergonic and which is endergonic.

In which of the four stages of metabolism shown below does the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid take place?

Which of the four stages of metabolism involves the oxidation of a certain substrate to CO₂ while generating NADH, FADH₂, and a small amount of ATP?

Determine if the statement is true or false. Correct the statement if it is false:

Phosphorus should be ingested in approximately thrice the amount of calcium.

List the functional groups present in the following vitamins.

The structures of vitamin E and vitamin B7 are shown below. Analyze these structures and determine which one is water-soluble and which one is fat-soluble. Identify the structural features that contribute to their solubility.

What is the common metabolic product derived from the breakdown of sugars, fats, and proteins?

Determine if the statement is true or false: Three molecules of β-carotene are produced when a double bond of vitamin A is cleaved.

Correct the statement if it is false.

Hint: Look up the structures on the Web.

Select the essential function(s) of vitamins in the body.

Select the principle(s) that define(s) a compound as a vitamin.

Explain the significance of water-soluble vitamins for enzymes.

Why is it more important to consume vitamin B12 regularly compared to vitamin D?

What distinguishes gluconeogenesis from metabolism?

Compare the energy released during the combustion reaction for methane gas (CH₄) with its biological oxidation within methanotrophic bacteria. What are the differences in how energy is released and utilized?