Identify the five types of white blood cells in the following photographs:

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a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

d. ___

e. ___

The formed elements of the blood include:

(a) Plasma, fibrin, and serum

(b) Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

(c) WBCs, RBCs, and platelets

(d) All of these

Blood temperature is approximately ___, and blood pH averages ___.

(a) 36 °C, 7.0

(b) 39 °C, 7.8

(c) 38 °C, 7.4

(d) 37 °C, 7.0

Plasma contributes approximately _____ percent of the volume of whole blood, and water accounts for _____ percent of the plasma volume.

(a) 55, 92

(b) 25, 55

(c) 92, 55

(d) 35, 72

Serum is:

(a) The same as blood plasma

(b) Plasma minus the formed elements

(c) Plasma minus the proteins

(d) Plasma minus fibrinogen

(e) Plasma minus the electrolytes

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of:

(a) Two protein chains

(b) Three protein chains

(c) Four protein chains and nothing else

(d) Four protein chains and four heme groups

(e) Four heme groups but no protein

The following is a list of the phases involved in the process of hemostasis:

1. Coagulation
2. Fibrinolysis
3. Vascular spasm
4. Retraction
5. Platelet phase

The correct sequence of these phases is:

(a) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3

(b) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2

(c) 2, 3, 5, 1, 4

(d) 3, 5, 4, 1, 2

(e) 4, 3, 5, 2, 1

Stem cells responsible for lymphocytopoiesis are located in:

(a) The thymus and spleen

(b) The lymph nodes

(c) The red bone marrow

(d) All of these structures

___ and ____ affect almost every aspect of the clotting process.

(a) Calcium, vitamin K

(b) Calcium, vitamin B12

(c) Sodium, vitamin K

(d) Sodium, vitamin B12

What five major functions are performed by blood?

Name the three major types of plasma proteins and identify their functions.

Which type of antibodies does plasma contain for each of the following blood types?

(a) Type A

(b) Type B

(c) Type AB

(d) Type O

What four characteristics of WBCs are important to their response to tissue invasion or injury?

Which kinds of WBCs contribute to the body's nonspecific defenses?

Name the three types of lymphocytes and identify their functions.

What is the difference between prothrombin and thrombin?

What four conditions cause the release of erythropoietin?

What contribution from the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways is necessary for the common pathway to begin?

Dehydration would:

(a) Cause an increase in the hematocrit

(b) Cause a decrease in the hematocrit

(c) Have no effect on the hematocrit

(d) Cause an increase in plasma volume

Erythropoietin directly stimulates RBC formation by:

(a) Increasing rates of mitotic divisions in erythroblasts

(b) Speeding up the maturation of red blood cells

(c) Accelerating the rate of hemoglobin synthesis

(d) All of these

The waste product bilirubin is formed from:

(a) Transferrin

(b) Globin

(c) Heme

(d) Hemosiderin

(e) Ferritin

A difference between the A, B, and O blood types and the Rh factor is:

(a) Rh agglutinogens are not found on the surface of red blood cells

(b) Rh agglutinogens do not produce a cross-reaction

(c) Individuals who are Rh− do not carry agglutinins to Rh factor unless they have been previously sensitized

(d) Rh agglutinogens are found free in the plasma

(e) Rh agglutinogens are found bound to plasma proteins

How do red blood cells differ from white blood cells in both form and function?

How do elements of blood defend against toxins and pathogens in the body?

What is the role of blood in the stabilization and maintenance of body temperature?

Relate the structure of hemoglobin to its function.

Why is aspirin sometimes prescribed for the prevention of vascular problems?

A test for prothrombin time is used to identify deficiencies in the extrinsic clotting pathway; prothrombin time is prolonged if any of the factors are deficient. A test for activated partial thromboplastin time is used in a similar fashion to detect deficiencies in the intrinsic clotting pathway. Which factor would be deficient if a person had a prolonged prothrombin time but a normal partial thromboplastin time?

In the disease mononucleosis ('mono'), the spleen enlarges because of increased numbers of phagocytes and other cells. Common signs and symptoms of this disease include pale complexion, a tired feeling, and a lack of energy sometimes to the point of not being able to get out of bed. What might cause these signs and symptoms?

Almost half of our vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria that inhabit the large intestine. Based on this information, how could taking a broad-spectrum antibiotic for a long time cause frequent nosebleeds?