Differentiate between blood sugar levels and resulting symptoms in hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

Why does glycogenolysis use fewer steps than the reverse process, glycogenesis? Which process uses less energy?

Name the anabolic pathway for making glucose.

Name the two molecules that serve as starting materials for glucose synthesis.

How many steps in gluconeogenesis are not the exact reversal of the steps in glycolysis? What kind of conversion of substrate to product does each involve? What is the common theme in each of these reactions?

Explain why the Cori cycle is necessary and when your cells would use this cycle.

How many moles of ATP are generated from the catabolism of fructose (by glycolysis) in

(a) liver cells?

How many moles of ATP are generated from the catabolism of fructose (by glycolysis) in

(b) muscle cells?

Which of the following conversions would you expect to consume energy and which would you expect to yield energy based on the final oxidation state of the coenzymes involved in each reaction?

a. pyruvate → lactate

Why is it important for muscle cells to export lactate into the bloodstream during heavy exercise?

Why is it important for the cell that the NADH produced when pyruvate is converted to lactate be converted back to NAD⁺?

What are the characteristics of Type I diabetes?

What are the characteristics of Type II diabetes?

Many diabetics suffer blindness due to cataracts. Why is this condition associated with this disease?

Is the same net production of ATP observed in the complete oxidation of fructose as is observed in the complete oxidation of glucose? Why or why not?