To obtain immediate immunity against tetanus, a patient should receive:

a. An attenuated vaccine of Clostridium tetani

b. A modified live vaccine of C. tetani

c. Tetanus toxoid

d. Immunoglobulin against tetanus toxin (antitoxin)

Which of the following vaccine types is commonly given with an adjuvant?

a. Attenuated vaccine

b. Modified live vaccine

c. Chemically killed vaccine

d. Immunoglobulin

Which of the following viruses was widely used in living vaccines?

a. Coronavirus

b. Poliovirus

c. Influenzavirus

d. Retrovirus

When antigen and antibodies combine, maximal precipitation occurs when:

a. Antigen is in excess

b. Antibody is in excess

c. Antigen and antibody are at equivalent concentrations

d. Antigen is added to the antibody

An anti-antibody is used when:

a. An antigen is not precipitating

b. An antibody is not agglutinating

c. An antibody does not activate complement

d. The antigen is an antibody

The many different proteins in serum can be analyzed by a(n):

a. Anti-antibody test

b. Complement fixation test

c. Precipitation test

d. Immunodiffusion test

A direct fluorescent immunoassay requires which of the following?

a. Heat-inactivated serum

b. Fluorescent serum

c. Immune complexes

d. Antibodies against the antigen

An ELISA uses which of the following reagents?

a. Enzyme-labeled anti-antibody

b. Radioactive anti-antibody

c. Source of complement

d. Enzyme-labeled antigen

Which of the following is a good test to detect rabies virus in the brain of a dog?

a. Agglutination

b. Hemagglutination inhibition

c. Virus neutralization

d. Direct fluorescent antibody

Attenuation is:

a. The process of reducing virulence

b. A necessary step in vaccine manufacture

c. A form of variolation

d. Similar to an adjuvant

An antiserum is:

a. An anti-antibody

b. An inactivated vaccine

c. Formed of monoclonal antibodies

d. The liquid portion of blood used for immunization

Monoclonal antibodies:

a. Are produced by hybridomas

b. Are secreted by clone cells

c. Can be used for passive immunization

d. All of the above

Anti–human antibody antibodies are:

a. Found in immunocompromised individuals

b. Used in direct fluorescent immunoassays

c. Formed by animals reacting to human immunoglobulins

d. An alternative method in ELISA

_______ Passive immunotherapy provides more prolonged immunity than active immunization.

_______ It is standard to attenuate killed virus vaccines.

______ One single serological test is inadequate for an accurate diagnosis of HIV infection.

______ELISA is very easily automated.

______ ELISA has basically replaced immunoblotting.

In the blank before each description, write the letter of the matching term. Some choices may be used more than once.

1._____ Induces rapid onset of immunity

2._____Induces mainly an antibody response

3. _____Induces good cell-mediated immunity

4. _____Increases antigenicity

5. _____Uses antigen fragments

6. _____Uses attenuated microbes

A. Attenuated viral vaccine

B. Adjuvant

C. Subunit vaccine

D. Immunoglobulin

E. Residual virulence

Identify the chemicals represented by this artist’s conception of an antibody sandwich ELISA.

The two columns on the left show negative and positive immunoblot results for a particular pathogen. The numbered columns are blots of samples from 11 patients. Which patients are most likely uninfected?

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Compare and contrast the Chinese practice of variolation with Jenner’s vaccination procedure.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of passive immunotherapy and active immunization.

How does precipitation differ from agglutination?

Explain how a pregnancy test works at the molecular level.

Compare and contrast herd immunity and contact immunity.

How does nephelometry differ from turbidimetry?