Microbiology
Vertical transmission: transfer of microbes via vectors such as mosquitoes from one host to another; Horizontal transmission: transfer that occurs only within families during close contact and never through food or environment.
Vertical transmission: spread between any two individuals in the same generation primarily via airborne particles exchanged in clinical settings; Horizontal transmission: spread only via contaminated environmental surfaces and fomites, excluding person-to-person contact.
Vertical transmission: pathogen passed from mother to infant during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding; Horizontal transmission: any other person-to-person, animal-to-person, or environment-mediated transfer.
Vertical transmission: any infection acquired during hospital stay by infants or adults; Horizontal transmission: congenital infections acquired in utero only, not involving breastfeeding or delivery-related exposure.
