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Type II Hypersensitivities quiz

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  • What types of antibodies mediate Type II hypersensitivities?
    Type II hypersensitivities are mediated by IgG and/or IgM antibodies targeting cell surface or extracellular antigens.
  • What is the main mechanism of cytotoxic Type II hypersensitivities?
    The main mechanism is cell death, which can occur via complement-dependent or complement-independent pathways, leading to tissue damage.
  • What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
    ADCC is when antibodies trigger cell death, often by recruiting immune cells like natural killer cells to destroy targeted cells.
  • What are two well-studied examples of cytotoxic Type II hypersensitivities?
    Hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDNB) are two well-studied examples.
  • How do non-cytotoxic Type II hypersensitivities differ from cytotoxic ones?
    Non-cytotoxic Type II hypersensitivities target self cells and alter cell responses by inactivating or overstimulating cell receptors, leading to autoimmune disorders.
  • What autoimmune diseases are caused by non-cytotoxic Type II hypersensitivities?
    Myasthenia gravis and Graves' disease are caused by non-cytotoxic Type II hypersensitivities.
  • What determines the four main blood types in the ABO blood system?
    The presence or absence of A and B carbohydrate antigens on red blood cells determines the four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
  • What antibodies are present in Type O blood?
    Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies because it lacks both A and B antigens.
  • Why is the donor's plasma not a concern in blood transfusion safety?
    Because only the donor's red blood cells are transfused, not their plasma, so the recipient's antibodies interacting with donor antigens is what matters.
  • What is the Rh factor and how does it affect blood typing?
    The Rh factor is a protein antigen on red blood cells; Rh positive individuals have it, while Rh negative individuals do not.
  • When do Rh-negative people produce anti-Rh antibodies?
    Rh-negative people produce anti-Rh antibodies only after exposure to Rh antigens, such as through transfusion or pregnancy.
  • What is the 'Donate Rule' for blood transfusions?
    You can donate blood to recipients whose red blood cells have at least your antigens or more.
  • What is the 'Receive Rule' for blood transfusions?
    You can receive blood from donors whose red blood cells have at most your antigens or fewer.
  • What happens during a hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR)?
    The recipient's antibodies attack incompatible donor red blood cells, causing lysis and potentially leading to inflammation, organ damage, or death.
  • How does RhoGAM prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDNB)?
    RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies that bind fetal Rh antigens, preventing the mother's immune system from becoming sensitized and producing anti-Rh IgG antibodies.