Q: Which equation best represents the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of a typical virus?

Accepted Answer

A protein coat surrounding either DNA or RNA, sometimes with a lipid envelope and spikes

Question 2

A virus that infects bacteria is called a:

Accepted Answer

Phage

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a method by which viruses can be transmitted?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 4

What is the main difference between mechanical and biological vectors in viral transmission?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical vectors carry viruses on the outside of their bodies and transmit by physical contact, while biological vectors carry viruses inside their bodies and transmit by biting

Question 5

Which viral capsid shape is described as a three-dimensional, 20-sided structure with 12 vertices?

Accepted Answer

Icosahedral

Question 6

Enveloped viruses obtain their envelope from:

Accepted Answer

The host cell's phospholipid membrane during budding

Question 7

Which of the following statements about viral genomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but never both

Question 8

The lytic cycle of a bacteriophage results in:

Accepted Answer

Cell lysis and release of newly formed phages

Question 9

During the lysogenic cycle, the viral genome integrates into the host chromosome and is called a:

Accepted Answer

Prophage

Question 10

Which process allows a bacteriophage to transfer bacterial DNA from one cell to another?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 11

A virus with a +ssRNA genome can:

Accepted Answer

Be directly translated by host ribosomes to make viral proteins

Question 12

Retroviruses differ from other RNA viruses because they:

Accepted Answer

Use reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from their RNA genome

Question 13

Which equation best represents the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of persistent viral infections?

Accepted Answer

The virus remains in certain tissues or organs, causing either latent or chronic infection

Question 15

Which virus is known to cause a chronic infection after a long period of latency?

Accepted Answer

HIV

Question 16

Which of the following is true about viroids?

Accepted Answer

They consist of a short strand of circular RNA capable of self-replication

Question 17

Prions cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) by:

Accepted Answer

Acting as proteinaceous infectious particles that alter normal proteins

Question 18

Which laboratory technique is used to detect the presence of viral DNA in a patient’s sample?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of spikes on a virus?

Accepted Answer

They allow the virus to attach and enter a host cell

Question 20

A hemagglutination assay detects viruses by:

Accepted Answer

Measuring the agglutination of red blood cells caused by viral hemagglutinins

Acellular Pathogens: Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids, and Prions

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