Q: In the context of autoimmune diseases, which equation best represents the relationship between antibody concentration and immune complex formation?

$$\text{Immune Complexes} = k \times [\text{IgM}] \times [\text{IgG}] \times [\text{Complement}]$$

Q: Which equation describes the decline in CD4+ T cell count during phase 2 of HIV infection?

$$N_{CD4}(t) = N_{CD4}(0) \times e$$^{-kt}$$

Q: Which equation best represents the rate of mutation in HIV, contributing to its rapid antigenic changes?

$$\text{Mutation Rate} = \frac{\text{Number of Mutations}}{\text{Replication Cycles}}$$

Q: Which equation best represents the probability of HIV infection after exposure to the eyes, nose, or mouth with infected blood?

$$P = 0.0009 \times 10,000 = 9$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of self-tolerance in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

The immune system discriminates self from nonself, preventing an immune response against self-antigens.

Question 2

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by immune complexes of IgM, IgG, and complement depositing in joints, leading to inflammation and pain?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 3

In the context of autoimmune diseases, which equation best represents the relationship between antibody concentration and immune complex formation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Immune Complexes} = k 	imes [	ext{IgM}] 	imes [	ext{IgG}] 	imes [	ext{Complement}]$$

Question 4

Which risk factor is most strongly associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis in women under 55 years old?

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Question 5

Which cell type is primarily responsible for mediating cell-mediated autoimmune reactions, such as in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

T cells

Question 6

What is the primary function of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex in transplantation?

Accepted Answer

To identify self antigens for tissue compatibility

Question 7

Which type of graft involves the use of tissue from a genetically identical twin?

Accepted Answer

Isograft

Question 8

Which immunosuppressant drug specifically inhibits the proliferation of both T cells and B cells?

Accepted Answer

Mycophenolate

Question 9

Which equation best represents the probability of HIV transmission after a needlestick injury with contaminated blood?

Accepted Answer

$$P = 0.003$$

Question 10

Which step in the HIV infection process is facilitated by the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein?

Accepted Answer

Fusion of the virus with the cell membrane

Question 11

Which equation describes the decline in CD4+ T cell count during phase 2 of HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

$$N_{CD4}(t) = N_{CD4}(0) 	imes e$$^{-kt}$$

Question 12

Which diagnostic method is used to detect HIV antibodies in a patient’s blood?

Accepted Answer

ELISA

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a route of HIV transmission?

Accepted Answer

Airborne droplets

Question 14

Which equation best represents the rate of mutation in HIV, contributing to its rapid antigenic changes?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Mutation Rate} = \frac{	ext{Number of Mutations}}{	ext{Replication Cycles}}$$

Question 15

Which type of stem cell is harvested from blastocysts and is pluripotent, capable of generating all types of cells?

Accepted Answer

Embryonic stem cells

Question 16

Which of the following is a limitation of immune surveillance in cancer prevention?

Accepted Answer

Tumor cells lack antigenic epitopes for immune targeting.

Question 17

Which immunodeficiency is characterized by a deficiency in B cells and decreased immunoglobulins, leading to frequent bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

X-linked infantile (Bruton’s) agammaglobulinemia

Question 18

Which equation best represents the probability of HIV infection after exposure to the eyes, nose, or mouth with infected blood?

Accepted Answer

$$P = 0.0009 	imes 10,000 = 9$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of an immune complex autoimmune disease affecting the kidney glomeruli?

Accepted Answer

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of cyclosporine and tacrolimus in transplantation?

Accepted Answer

They suppress IL-2, disrupting cytotoxic T cell activation.

Chapter 19_ImmuneDisorders-AIDS-Cancer

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