Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of a bacteriophage, as shown in the diagram?

Accepted Answer

The lytic cycle results in immediate destruction of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle integrates the phage DNA into the host genome, allowing the cell to survive and replicate.

Question 2

Which of the following is a key feature of Gram-positive bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

A thick layer of peptidoglycan.

Question 3

Which type of microscope would be most appropriate for viewing the surface structure of a virus at high resolution?

Accepted Answer

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Question 4

Which of the following stains would you use to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a clinical sample?

Accepted Answer

Acid-fast stain

Question 5

A bacterium with a single flagellum at each end of the cell is described as:

Accepted Answer

Amphitrichous

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 7

Which of the following structures is responsible for the selective permeability of the prokaryotic cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct statement about the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Question 9

Which of the following inclusion bodies is correctly matched with its function?

Accepted Answer

Carboxysomes — CO$$_2$$ fixation

Question 10

Which of the following statements about viruses is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Viruses can have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material, but not both.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections such as HIV?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics target bacterial structures and processes, which are absent in viruses.

Question 12

In the malaria life cycle, which stage is infective to humans and is transmitted by the mosquito?

Accepted Answer

Sporozoite

Question 13

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of fungal cell walls compared to bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Fungal cell walls contain chitin, while bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of bacterial pili?

Accepted Answer

Genetic transfer between cells

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

$$9+2$$ arrangement

Question 16

A patient presents with ring-shaped lesions on the skin. Which type of microorganism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Fungus

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the Gram stain?

Accepted Answer

It differentiates bacteria based on the structure of their cell wall.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-life example of a latent viral infection?

Accepted Answer

Herpes simplex virus

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modifying and sorting proteins for transport

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

BIO 120 Exam I Study Guide: Microbiology Essentials

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