Question 1

Which of the following structures is found in prokaryotic cells but NOT in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Nucleoid

Question 2

A scientist stains a bacterial cell and observes a thick peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids. Which type of cell wall is present?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive

Question 3

Which component of the Gram-negative cell wall is responsible for triggering a strong immune response in humans?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 4

A mutation disrupts the function of the basal body in a bacterium. Which cellular process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Flagellar rotation and motility

Question 5

Which arrangement of microtubules is characteristic of a eukaryotic cilium?

Accepted Answer

$$9 + 2$$ arrangement

Question 6

During glycolysis, how many net ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of the electron transport chain in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

It generates a proton gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane to drive ATP synthesis.

Question 8

A bacterium is observed to move in a corkscrew motion. Which structure is responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filament (endoflagella)

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Protection against desiccation and phagocytosis

Question 10

Which process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and results in the production of NADH, FADH$$_2$$, and GTP (or ATP)?

Accepted Answer

Krebs (citric acid) cycle

Question 11

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$O_2$$

Question 12

A cell is observed to have thylakoids, a stroma, and grana. Which organelle is being described?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The outer membrane acts as a barrier to many antibiotics.

Question 14

Which step in glycolysis involves the substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP to ATP?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid to 3-phosphoglyceric acid

Question 15

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane?

Accepted Answer

Presence of integral and peripheral proteins within a phospholipid bilayer

Question 16

A patient is infected with a bacterium that lacks a cell wall. Which antibiotic would likely be ineffective?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the Calvin-Benson cycle?

Accepted Answer

It fixes $$CO_2$$ into organic molecules using ATP and NADPH.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Storage of genetic material (DNA)

Question 19

A mutation in a bacterium prevents the formation of porin proteins. Which process would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Transport of small molecules across the outer membrane

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered to have evolved from prokaryotic ancestors?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes similar to prokaryotes.

Cell Structure and Function, and Microbial Metabolism: Key Diagrams and Processes

Study Guide - Practice Questions