Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and internal membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

Which structure is responsible for the movement of bacteria and is powered by the proton motive force (PMF)?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 3

A patient presents with a fever and shock after a Gram-negative bacterial infection. Which component of the bacterial cell wall is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why endospores are difficult to eliminate from medical environments?

Accepted Answer

They are resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals.

Question 5

Which process involves the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 6

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and shrink.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial glycocalyx capsule?

Accepted Answer

Prevents recognition by host immune cells

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the composition of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Alternating chains of NAG and NAM sugars cross-linked by tetrapeptides

Question 9

Which of the following transport processes requires energy and chemically modifies the transported substance?

Accepted Answer

Group translocation

Question 10

Which of the following is a unique feature of archaeal cell membranes compared to bacterial cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Presence of ether linkages in phospholipids

Question 11

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic flagella is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are composed of microtubules and undulate rhythmically.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the eukaryotic Golgi body?

Accepted Answer

Processing and packaging molecules for export

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells evolved from the fusion of two prokaryotic cells, one of which became mitochondria or chloroplasts.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all living cells?

Accepted Answer

Obligate parasitism

Question 15

A clinical case involves a patient with a protozoan infection. Which of the following features would help you identify the organism as a protozoan?

Accepted Answer

Single-celled eukaryote with locomotion by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are often more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They have an outer membrane that impedes drug entry.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct equation for the movement of a solute by simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -D \frac{dC}{dx}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of fungal cells compared to animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a cell wall composed of chitin

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial pili?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces and DNA transfer during conjugation

Question 20

A scientist observes a microbe with a single circular chromosome, 70S ribosomes, and ether-linked membrane lipids. To which domain does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Archaea

Cell Structure and Function in Microbiology: Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Viruses

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