Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the size range of prokaryotic cells?

$$1.0\ \mu m \leq \text{diameter} \leq 2.0\ \mu m$$

Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the phospholipid bilayer structure of a cytoplasmic membrane?

$$\text{Hydrophilic\ head} - \text{Hydrophobic\ tail} - \text{Hydrophobic\ tail} - \text{Hydrophilic\ head}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive cell walls contain a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids, while Gram-negative cell walls have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to have a capsule. Which of the following is NOT a function of the capsule?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating cell-to-cell communication

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the size range of prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

$$1.0\ \mu m \leq 	ext{diameter} \leq 2.0\ \mu m$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics that target peptidoglycan synthesis are effective against bacteria but not human cells?

Accepted Answer

Human cells lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while bacterial cells have peptidoglycan.

Question 5

A scientist observes a bacterium with a single, long, whip-like structure used for movement. Which structure is being observed, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Flagellum; locomotion

Question 6

Which of the following statements about endospores is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are highly resistant to heat and chemicals due to the presence of dipicolinic acid and a thick spore coat.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of archaeal hami?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces using grappling hook-like structures

Question 8

A patient is infected with a Gram-negative bacterium. Which component of the bacterial cell wall is most likely to trigger a strong immune response and potentially cause septic shock?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 9

Which of the following is a key feature of eukaryotic cells that distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of internal membrane-bound organelles

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria originated from aerobic prokaryotes that became internal symbionts within larger anaerobic prokaryotes.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the phospholipid bilayer structure of a cytoplasmic membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hydrophilic\ head} - 	ext{Hydrophobic\ tail} - 	ext{Hydrophobic\ tail} - 	ext{Hydrophilic\ head}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

Providing rigidity to the cell wall

Question 13

A bacterium is observed to have a rod shape and forms chains. What is the correct term for this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Streptobacilli

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why some bacteria can survive extreme environmental conditions such as high heat or desiccation?

Accepted Answer

They form endospores with a thick spore coat and dipicolinic acid.

Question 15

Which of the following structures is responsible for the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Pilus

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of bacterial inclusions?

Accepted Answer

Storage of reserve materials such as glycogen, phosphorus, or sulfur

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in a eukaryotic flagellum?

Accepted Answer

$$9+2$$ arrangement of microtubules

Question 18

Which of the following is a unique feature of archaeal cell membranes compared to bacterial cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Archaeal membranes may contain ether-linked lipids, while bacterial membranes contain ester-linked lipids.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the bacterial cell wall?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Cell Structure and Function: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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