Q: Which of the following is a correct equation for the net ATP yield from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

$\text{Glucose} \rightarrow 2 \text{Pyruvate} + 2 \text{ATP (net)}$

Question 1

Which experiment by Louis Pasteur provided strong evidence against the theory of spontaneous generation?

Accepted Answer

He used gooseneck (swan-neck) flasks to show that microbes in the air, not spontaneous generation, cause growth in broth.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of Koch’s postulates?

Accepted Answer

The pathogen must be able to survive without a host for at least 24 hours.

Question 3

Why is the 16S rRNA gene considered the 'gold standard' for bacterial phylogeny?

Accepted Answer

It is essential, universal, and contains both conserved and variable regions.

Question 4

Which component of the Gram-negative cell envelope is responsible for triggering septic shock in humans?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A subunit of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 5

Penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with which cellular structure?

Accepted Answer

The cross-linking of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Question 6

A bacterium that stores energy as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is utilizing which type of cellular inclusion?

Accepted Answer

Carbon/energy storage polymer

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial fimbriae?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces

Question 8

What is the main energy source for the rotation of bacterial flagella?

Accepted Answer

Proton Motive Force (PMF)

Question 9

Which of the following statements about endospores is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

They are easily destroyed by boiling water.

Question 10

A bacterium moves toward a nutrient source by alternating between 'runs' and 'tumbles.' What causes a 'run'?

Accepted Answer

Counter-clockwise rotation of flagella

Question 11

Which transport system chemically modifies the solute as it is transported into the cell?

Accepted Answer

Group translocation

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct equation for the net ATP yield from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Glucose} ightarrow 2 	ext{Pyruvate} + 2 	ext{ATP (net)}$

Question 13

During aerobic respiration, what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($	ext{O}_2$)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD+ in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

It cycles between oxidized and reduced forms to facilitate redox reactions.

Question 15

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Thick peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the products of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

$2 	ext{Pyruvate} + 2 	ext{CoA} + 6 	ext{NAD}^+ + 2 	ext{FAD} + 2 	ext{ADP} + 2 	ext{P}_i ightarrow 6 	ext{CO}_2 + 8 	ext{NADH} + 2 	ext{FADH}_2 + 2 	ext{ATP}$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of ABC transporters in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They use ATP hydrolysis to transport substrates with high affinity.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of Lipid A release from Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It triggers a strong immune response that can lead to septic shock.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why bacteria with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio can grow faster?

Accepted Answer

They can exchange nutrients and waste more efficiently with their environment.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct summary equation for the products of the electron transport chain per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

$10 	ext{NADH} + 2 	ext{FADH}_2 + 6 	ext{O}_2 + 34 	ext{ADP} + 34 	ext{P}_i ightarrow 10 	ext{NAD}^+ + 2 	ext{FAD} + 12 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 34 	ext{ATP}$

Cellular Inclusions and Endospores in Microbial Cells

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